tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-49205615689912676152024-03-13T08:08:13.671-07:00President Henry LaurensOn November 1, 1777 the United States Continental Congress elected South Carolina Delegate Henry Laurens, President of Congress. He served in this capacity until his resignation on December 9th, 1778.Stan Kloshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13178581524052821016noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4920561568991267615.post-64219254225895308222012-09-19T19:12:00.000-07:002019-07-01T11:53:40.210-07:00President Henry Laurens<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #990000; font-size: x-large;"><b>President Henry Laurens</b></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.coinact.us/" target="_blank">Click Here</a> to view the US Mint & Coin Acts 1782-1792</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><b>Second President of the Continental Congress</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>United States of America </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>November 1, 1777 to December 9, 1778</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzsE4lxyXFusCYHUI0qsVM2Rpg5LaYJGvUju9_vpZMF596AEWsOd29p82i_xyrhuGs6BHYSo8cJEpzAyjiO1s5ZppIdgyA1a0yYfCZ6WbCjWEhUE6_wifLtgK9uw0r9V8VjIyuo9nU8Jn/s1600/Tower+of+London+Post.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="697" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJzsE4lxyXFusCYHUI0qsVM2Rpg5LaYJGvUju9_vpZMF596AEWsOd29p82i_xyrhuGs6BHYSo8cJEpzAyjiO1s5ZppIdgyA1a0yYfCZ6WbCjWEhUE6_wifLtgK9uw0r9V8VjIyuo9nU8Jn/s640/Tower+of+London+Post.jpg" title="United States Continental Congress President Henry Laurens was captured off Newfoundland on September 3, 1780, by the British frigate Vestal. On October 6, 1780, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on suspicion of High Treason by the High Constable in Consequence of a Warrant signed by Lords North, Stormont & Germaine. He remained a prisoner until December 31, 1781, when he was exchanged for General Charles Earl Cornwallis of his Britannick Majesty’s Forces. " width="640" /></a></div>
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<b style="background-color: transparent; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/#gs.mpm8vv" target="_blank">VISIT The Tower of London</a>, </b><span style="background-color: transparent; text-align: justify;"> one of the world’s most famous fortresses seeing service as a royal palace, prison, armoury and even a zoo. The ancient stones hold within them dark secrets, as fortified vaults shine with priceless jewels and historic uniformed Beefeaters stroll the grounds. Situated in Central London, just a stone’s throw from the River Thames, the <a href="http://www.hrp.org.uk/">Tower of London</a> is one of the city's premier attractions. -- </span><b style="background-color: transparent; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/visit/tickets-and-prices/" target="_blank">Click Here For Tickets</a>.</b></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc; text-decoration: none;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 2, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 29, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://henrylaurens.com/" style="color: #6666cc; text-decoration: none;">Henry Laurens</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 1, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">December 9, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnjay.net/" style="color: #6666cc; text-decoration: none;">John Jay</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">December 10, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 28, 1779<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #6666cc; text-decoration: none;">Samuel Huntington</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 29, 1779<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">February 28, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens was born March 6, 1724
in Charleston, South Carolina and died there on December 8, 1792. His ancestors
were French Protestants (Huguenots) who were members of the Reformed Church
established in 1550 by John Calvin. They left France at the revocation of the
edict of Nantes and migrated to the British American Colonies.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title="">[1]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens<b>, </b>the son of John and Esther Grasset Laurens, was educated in
Charles Town (now Charleston), South Carolina. Upon <i>“graduation”,</i>
through the contacts of his affluent father, he accepted a position at a local
counting-house. In 1744 Laurens accepted a similar position in London to
further his career in the promising field of international business with James
Crokatt.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Upon his return in 1747 he opened an import and export business in Charleston.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Through his London contacts, Laurens
entered into the slave trade with the Grant, Oswald & Company who
controlled 18th century British slave castle in the Republic of Sierra Leone,
West Africa known as Bunce Castle.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Laurens contracted to receive slaves from Serra Leone, catalogue and marketed
the human product conducting public auctions in Charles Town. His company Austin
and Laurens, in the 1750s, handled was responsible for the sales of more than
eight thousand Africans. Laurens also engaged in the import and export of many
other products but his 10% commission from the slave auctions proved to be his
major source of his income. The Bunce Island Historical site reports of
Lauren’s involvement of the slave trade:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“The
British traders based at Bunce Island shipped thousands of African captives to
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and other Southern Colonies during the mid-
and late 1700s. Rice planters in South Carolina and Georgia were particularly
anxious to buy captives from Sierra Leone and other parts of the “Rice Coast”
where Africans have grown rice for thousands of years. Slave auction
advertisements in 18th century Charles Town (South Carolina) and Savannah
(Georgia) often mentioned ships arriving with slaves brought from the “Rice
Coast, “Sierra-Leon,” and "Bunce Island." African farmers taken from
the Rice Coast region made rice one of the most profitable industries in early
America. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry
Laurens, a wealthy South Carolina slave dealer and rice planter, was Bunce
Island’s business agent in Charles Town before the American Revolutionary War.
After the war began, Laurens became the President of the Continental Congress,
and when the fighting finally ended, he was named one of the American Peace
Commissioners who negotiated U.S. Independence under the Treaty of Paris.
Amazingly, Richard Oswald, Bunce Island’s London-based owner, was appointed
head of the British negotiating team in Paris. In other words, United States
Independence was negotiated, in part, between Bunce Island’s British owner and
his American business agent in South Carolina. The relationship between these
two men reflects Bunce Island's importance in the commerce that linked Britain,
North America, and West Africa during the Colonial Period.” <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[4]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In 1750, Laurens was already wealthy
enough to win the hand of Eleanor Ball, the daughter of a wealthy rice
plantation owner. They were married on June 25<sup>th</sup> and had
12 children<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
with only four surviving: John born October 28, 1754, Martha born November 3,
1759, Henry, Jr. born, July 23, 1763, and Mary Eleanor born April 26, 1770. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Students and Teachers of US History this is a video of <a href="http://www.stanklos.org/">Stanley</a> and Christopher Klos presenting America's Four United Republics Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. The December 2015 video was an impromptu capture by a member of the audience of Penn students, professors and guests that numbered about 200.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In 1757 Laurens entered into service
for South Carolina as a lieutenant-colonel.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
His most notable service came after the French and Indian War in in a
successful campaign against the Cherokee Nation from April 2nd to November
14th, 1761.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Lieutenant-colonel Laurens served in the
campaign with Colonel Thomas Middleton, Major John Moultrie, and notables
William Moultrie, Francis Marion, Isaac Huger, and Andrew Pickens who all
served as foot soldiers. <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Wallace writes: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">June
7, 1761, the force, having rested at Fort Prince George, struck out by
Montgomery's route of the year before for the country back of the Blue Ridge,
where the Indians had taken refuge. Colonel Grant came upon them in a defile two
miles south of the point at which Montgomery had been attacked. After a fierce
battle of three hours, marked by considerable skill and endurance on both
sides, the Indians fled. Grant pushed on into their country and destroyed every
village in the region of the upper waters of the Little Tennessee. After thirty
days of such work in such a country, the army, with feet and legs bruised and
"mangled" returned exhausted to Fort Prince George. This campaign
marks the end of the Cherokee power. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title="">[9]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens learned, first hand, on how to
wage a battle in the Colonial Wilderness. He took the time during that
campaign to keep a diary which, exists in its original manuscript form at the
South Carolina Archives. Throughout the rest of his life he would be referred
to as <i>“Colonel”</i>, especially by his
fellow delegates in the Continental Congress and United States in Congress
Assembled. <a href="http://benjaminfranklin.org/">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="http://johnadams.us/">John Adams,</a> particularly, reference this title
often in their correspondence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens was a successful rice planter
and slave merchant. He utilized his slave auction profits to purchase fertile
South Carolina farmland and slaves to expand his agricultural pursuits. This
strategy culminated in his assemblage of the Mepkin Plantation on June 2, 1762 <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><b>
</b>where along with his agricultural pursuits Laurens earned substantial
riches in the export and import business. Laurens writes about 1750s South
Carolina economy that the planters are <i>"
‘…Full of money’ and anxious to extend their cultivation. Good overseers were
hard to keep.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title="">[11]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn11" name="_ednref11" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">As a businessman, Laurens was quite
critical of British involvement in the Colonial economy. Laurens was a
party to frequent lawsuits with crown judges and consequently, had an
exceptional understanding of British Maritime law. Laurens became
enmeshed, from 1767 to 1769, in controversy with Charleston custom officers
over the confiscation of three family vessels.
He engaged in pamphlet war with Egerton Leigh, Judge of the Charleston
Vice Admiralty Court. The surviving pamphlets are considered, even today, as
extraordinary legal accounts of Great Britain’s trade oppression of the
Colonies.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn12" name="_ednref12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtvILq3IQ4MtSVhNPRARAPqqGHmc5wENE6Iqr5lnCBmuxGbF18CeE2ISIMiJpCMJg1V0MZ3gDRz7ynyPnwoM9YRAaaqpU5oe7lFF4WpVhv_WehrRsWOXEDyn5C3rMNzs5A6GRSy53giwEr/s1600/Laurens.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Copyright © Stan Klos, President Who? Forgotten Founders 2004 & 2008" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtvILq3IQ4MtSVhNPRARAPqqGHmc5wENE6Iqr5lnCBmuxGbF18CeE2ISIMiJpCMJg1V0MZ3gDRz7ynyPnwoM9YRAaaqpU5oe7lFF4WpVhv_WehrRsWOXEDyn5C3rMNzs5A6GRSy53giwEr/s400/Laurens.jpg" title="Autograph Letter Signed regarding financial matters from Charleston dated October 10, 1765." width="310" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #073763;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Henry Laurens Autograph Letter Signed regarding <br />financial matters from Charleston dated October 10, 1765</i></b></span>.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> In this detailed, closely-written business letter, Laurens tells of his plans to leave the following week on a visit to Georgia and possibly St. Augustine; explains why he was unable to deliver the strouds <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn13">[13]</a> belonging to his correspondent.La<span style="text-align: justify;">urens
asks what</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"shall be done with them,"</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> adding <i>"I believe I have not
yet told you a large Quantity of Strouds belonging to the Provincial Cherokee
have been brought to Charles Town & sold so low at Public Auction as 22 pds
p[er] piece & some under that. They were in general very good & in good
order, many pieces were of the best London & cost 4pds to 4 Guineas p[er]
piece." </i>Laurens goes on to inquire about his accounts with his
correspondent for <i>"the Muzlins & the Schooner East Florida,"</i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> </span> <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title="">[14]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn14" name="_ednref14" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The
letter goes on to ask whether a Mr. Cowles, with whom he also has accounts,
plans to remain in business. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Shortly after the birth of daughter
Mary Eleanor, tragedy struck the Laurens home, his wife Eleanor Ball died on
May 22, 1770. Laurens remained close to
home until 1771 when he sailed to England on September 9<sup>th</sup> with his
sons. From 1772-1774 he toured England,
France, the Low Countries and Switzerland.
He placed his sons in Swiss and English boarding schools during that
period.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn15" name="_ednref15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> While in London he was one of the
thirty-eight Americans who signed a petition in 1774 to dissuade parliament
from passing the Boston Port Bill.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn16" name="_ednref16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Dismayed by the anti-colonial
sentiment in Great Britain, Laurens returned to Charleston that same
year. Three months later he was elected a member of South Carolina’s
first Provincial Congress on January 9<sup>th</sup>, 1775. On June
1<sup>st</sup>, he was elected President of that body. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">He was also elected President to the important Council of
Safety on June 16, 1775. As President, Laurens drew up a </span><i style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Form of Association</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> to be signed by all the Friends of Liberty. In
another personal tragedy his son James died on September 5, 1775 but he
continued in his political duties. As President of the South Carolina Council
of Safety he was in constant contact with his counterparts in the other
colonies as evidenced <i>by this </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">September
27, 1775 </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">letter to </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">William Henry Drayton</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">, Esq: .</span></i></div>
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<i style="color: windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></i></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">On Sunday last we received your letter
of the 17th, together with the sundry papers which you refer to; and if Captain
Wilson is detained one day
more, we will send by him the Declaration and Treaty, to be printed in London; but shall defer a publication
here, until we have an opportunity of considering the propriety of such a
measure in your presence; which, we suppose, will happen in the course of a few
days.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The intelligence from
the Cherokees, received in Mr. Wilkinson’s letter, is very alarming.
We hope you have sent away the Good
Warriour and his fellow–travellers in good humour; and that they will
influence their countrymen to remain quiet, and give us time to discover the
perpetrators of the murder intimated by Mr. Wilkinson. In the mean time, we trust that you have taken proper
measures for that purpose.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Le Despencer</span></i><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> packet arrived here
from Falmouth, with advices
from London, to the 3d of August. Accounts in brief are, that
Administration were sending more troops and ships to America, determined to persevere in the execution of their plan.
General Gage, in his account of
the Bunker Hill affair, on the
17th June, transmitted to Lord Dartmouth, owns about one thousand
and fifty–six of the King’s Troops killed and wounded; and his number of
officers rather exceeds our early advices. We have heard nothing since the
first of August from our
Delegates.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">By order of the
Council of Safety: Henry Laurens, President<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title="">[17]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn17" name="_ednref17" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="bodytext" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In
1776, Laurens retired from the merchant business to focus on agriculture and
politics. </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He was elected as a member of the Second
South Carolina Provincial Congress serving from November 1775 to March
1776. He also served as the president of the second council of
safety. Laurens was profoundly involved
in the adoption of a new South Carolina Constitution which, passed March 26,
1776. He was elected the first Vice
President of South Carolina the same day serving in that capacity until June
27, 1777.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn18" name="_ednref18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm79" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Vice President Laurens was elected as
a Delegate to the Continental Congress on January 10, 1777, and served until
1780. During his initial term he was forced to flee Philadelphia in the
fall of 1777 to Lancaster. There he and his fellow delegates were unable
to find ample rooms in the district for either lodging or convening the
Continental Congress for more than one day, September 27th. The Continental
Congress packed up and move the seat of Continental government just across the
Susquehanna River to a small village called York Town (now York,
Pennsylvania). The River was deemed a natural barrier to a British attack
providing the Continental Congress with plenty of time should British regulars
launch a second campaign to capture the Delegates. Henry Laurens' letter to
John Lewis Gervais on October 8th 1777 was particularly revealing of the
freshman delegate's flight from Philadelphia to Lancaster: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm79" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“The Evening of that day I went as far
as Frankfort in order to see into the arrangement of my baggage and to Shift my
apparel Suitable to the change of weather & had engaged to breakfast with
an old friend at 1/2 past 8 next Morning in Philadelphia. About 4 o'Clock next
Morning I was knocked up by Sir Patrick Houston who informed me that advice had
been received of General Howe's crossing Schuylkill at 11 o'Clock & that
part of his Army would be in the City before Sunrise. I could feel no
impression, I judged differently from the City people who I had always expected
would fall a prey to their fears, I considered the difficulty of crossing a
ford with an Army of 6 or 7 Thousand Men, Cannon, Horses, Wagons, Cattle
&ca &ca, the right disposition of the whole & detaching a
respectable force to a distance of 22 Miles. While my Carriage & Wagon were
preparing to go forward the Scene was equally droll & melancholy. Thousands
of all Sorts in all appearances past by in such haste that very few could be
prevailed on to answer to the Simple question what News? however would
not fly, I stayed Breakfast & did not proceed till 8 o'Clock or past nor
would I have gone then but returned once more into the City if I had not been
under an engagement to take charge of the Marquis de Lafayette who lay wounded
by a ball through his Leg at Bristol. My bravery however was the effect of
assurance for could I have believed the current report, I should have fled as
fast as any man, no man can possibly have a greater reluctance to an intimacy
with Sir William Howe than my Self. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I proceeded to Bristol, the little
Town was covered by fugitives, the River by Vessels of War & Store Vessels
& others from Philadelphia, the Road choked by Carriages, Horses &
Wagons. The Same was disgustingly Specked by Regimental Coats & Cockades,
Volunteer blades I suppose who had blustered in that habit of the mighty feats
they would perform if the English should dare to come to Philadelphia. Upon
these I looked with deep contempt. From Bristol I had the honor of conducting
the Marquis who is possessed of the most excellent funds [of] good sense &
inexhaustible patience to Bethlehem where the Second day after our arrival I
left him in Bed anxious for nothing but to be again in our Army as he always
calls it, & proceeded through Reading to Lancaster, at Reading I learned of
General Wayne's false step, a second hindrance to our driving the Invaders out
of the Country.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title="">[19]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn19" name="_ednref19" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens, as a freshman delegate, went
right to work in York-Town (now York, Pennsylvania) impressing the members of
Congress with his <i>"nonpartisan" </i>deliberations. His ideas
especially stood out on the creation of the first constitution of the United
States, the Articles of Confederation. Laurens remained steadfast against the
nationalists' proposal to allow control of the proposed new federal government
by the wealthy. He was also against Virginia's proposal to have one Delegate in
Congress for every 30,000 of each state’s inhabitants, permitting each
representative having one vote. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">On the constitution Article that <u>prohibited</u>
the federal government from making any foreign treaty preventing the individual
States <i>"from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners as their
own people are subject to," </i>Laurens
was the only Southern member to vote against the measure. Only three other
states, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut, voted with Laurens so the
restrictive Amendment became a part of the first U.S. Constitution shackling
the future United States, in Congress Assembled to properly control and conduct
foreign affairs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In another measure, Laurens voted for
the United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) to have the authority to decide
disputes between the states but then voted no on the establishment of judiciary<i> </i>necessary for such
matters to be employed. This failure to separate the judicial duties of
government from the USCA legislative/executive federal body plagued the United
States until the adoption of its 2<sup>nd</sup> constitution in 1789. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens in a final
constitutional act, voted against Virginia's last attempt to gain more power in
the federal government based on population. Specifically, Virginia's amendment
proposed that the nine votes required determining matters of importance in the U.S.A.
must be from the states containing a majority of the white population in the USCA<i>.
</i>The measured failed largely because of Laurens and the other smaller states
objections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">His votes, on a consistent basis, did
not follow the <i>“southern block”</i> clearly indicating Laurens was free from
sectional bias. Laurens stood out time and time again putting forth and
supporting articles and ideas that attempted to forge 13 individual States into
one unified nation. He envisioned and worked diligently to form a
constitution that empowered a new central government to act for the benefit of
all states equally. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In the last week of October, Congress received the official word of the Great Victory at Saratoga:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">General
Gates to the President of Congress</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">To
His Excellency </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">John Hancock</span>, Esq., <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Camp Saratoga</span>,</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">
</span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">President of Congress. </span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">October 18,
1777.</span></span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;"></span></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Sir</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">:
I have the satisfaction to present Your Excellency with the convention of
Saratoga, by which His Excellency Lieutenant-General Burgoyne has surrendered
himself and his whole army into my hands, and they are now upon their march for
Boston. This signal and important event is the more glorious, as it was
effected with so little loss to the army of the United States.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">This
letter will be presented to Your Excellency by my adjutant-general, Colonel Wilkinson,
to whom I must beg leave to refer Your Excellency for the particulars that
brought this great business to so happy and fortunate a conclusion.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I
desire to be permitted to recommend this gallant officer in the warmest manner
to Congress, and entreat that he may be continued in his present office, with
the brevet of a brigadier-general.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The
honourable Congress will believe me when I assure them that, from the beginning
of this war, I have not met with a more promising military genius than Colonel
Wilkinson, and whose services have been of the greatest importance to this
army.</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I
am, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient and humble servant,</span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Horatio Gates</span>.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i><br />
<hr align="center" noshade="" size="2" style="width: 85.3pt;" width="114" />
<i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b>Articles <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4920561568991267615" name="page011"></a>of Convention between Major-General Gates and
Lieutenant-General Burgoyne.</b></span></i><span style="line-height: 150%;"> </span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">I. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The
troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march out of their camp, with the
honours of war and the artillery of the intrenchments, to the verge of the
river, where the old fort stood, where the arms and artillery are to be left,
the arms to be piled by word of command from their own officers.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">II. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">A
free passage to be granted to the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to
Great Britain, on condition of not serving again in North America during the
present contest; and the port of Boston is assigned for the entry of transports
to receive the troops whensoever General Howe shall so order.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">III.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Should
any cartel take place by which the army under General Burgoyne, or any part of
it, may be exchanged, the foregoing article to be void, as far as such exchange
be made.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">IV.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The
army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to march to Massachusetts Bay by the
easiest, most expeditious and convenient route, and to be quartered in, near,
or as convenient as possible to, Boston, that the march of the troops may not
be delayed when transports arrive to receive them.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">V.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">The
troops to be supplied, on their march and during their being in quarters, with
provisions, by General Gates's orders, at the same rate of rations as the
troops of his own army; and, if possible, the officers' horses and cattle are
to be supplied with forage at the usual rates.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">VI. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">All
officers to retain their carriages, bathorses, and other cattle, and no baggage
to be molested or searched, Lieutenant-General Burgoyne giving his honour that
there are no public stores secreted therein. Major-General Gates will, of course,
take the necessary measures for the due performance of this article. Should any
carriages be wanted, during the march, for the transportation of officers'
baggage, they are, if possible, to be supplied by the country at the usual
rates.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">VII. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Upon
the march, and during the time the army shall remain in quarters in
Massachusetts Bay, the officers are not, as far as circumstances admit, to be
separated from their men. The officers are to be quartered according to rank,
and are not to be hindered from assembling their men for roll-call, and other
necessary purposes of regularity.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">VIII. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">All
corps whatsoever of Lieutenant-General Burgoyne's army, whether composed of
sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies, and followers
of the army, of whatever country, shall be included in the fullest sense and
the utmost extent of the above articles, and comprehended in every respect as
British subjects.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">IX. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">All
Canadians and persons belonging to the Canadian establishment, consisting of
sailors, bateaumen, artificers, drivers, independent companies, and many other
followers of the army, who come under no particular description, are to be
permitted to return there; they are to be conducted immediately, by the
shortest route, to the first British post on Lake George, are to be supplied
with provisions in the same manner as the other troops, and are to be bound by
the same condition of not serving during the present contest in North America.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">X. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Passports
to be immediately granted for three officers, not exceeding the rank of
captains, who shall be appointed by Lieutenant-General Burgoyne to carry
despatches to Sir William Howe, Sir Guy Carleton, and to Great Britain, by the
way of New York; and Major-General Gates engages the public faith that these
despatches shall not be opened. These officers are to set out immediately after
receiving their despatches, and are to travel the shortest route and in the
most expeditious manner.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">XI. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">During
the stay of the troops in Massachusetts Bay the officers are to be admitted on
parole, and are to be allowed to wear their side arms.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">XII. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Should
the army under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne find it necessary to send for their
clothing and other baggage to Canada, they are permitted to do it in the most
convenient manner, and the necessary passports granted for that purpose.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">XIII. </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">These
articles are to be mutually signed and exchanged to-morrow morning at nine
o'clock, and the troops under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne are to march out of
their intrenchments at three o'clock in the afternoon.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;"> </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Horatio Gates</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">, Major-General.<br />
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">J. Burgoyne</span>, Lieutenant-General.<br />
<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Saratoga</span>, October 16, 1777.<br /><o:p></o:p></span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">J. Burgoyne</span>, Lieutenant-General.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Saratoga</span>, October 16, 1777.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">To
prevent any doubts that might arise from Lieutenant-General Burgoyne's name not
being mentioned in the above treaty, Major-General Gates hereby declares that
he is understood to be comprehended in it as fully as if his name had been
specifically mentioned.</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;"></span></i></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant: small-caps;">Horatio Gates</span></i></blockquote>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></i></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">John Hancock, despite this great news, was ailing and requested a leave of abscense from Congress but the body declined. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">On October 29</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">, 1777, </span><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">John Hancock</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> resigned from the Presidency.
The powerful Adams-Lee Coalition</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[20]</span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">
decided to back </span><a href="http://francislightfootlee.com/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">
as Hancock's successor. Laurens did not support the Virginian’s nomination. Instead, through October 15</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">,
1777 motion, he lobbied the Continental Congress Delegates to grant Hancock his
request for a two month leave of absence: </span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“Our
President gave notice yesterday of his purpose to quit the Chair & Congress
next week. I moved the House to intreat
& solicit his continuance, to my surprise I was seconded & no more.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title="">[21]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn21" name="_ednref21" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens measure was tabled and Hancock
vacated the Presidency. Secretary <a href="http://charlesthomson.com/">Charles
Thomson</a> assumed the chair that same afternoon to continue the debate on the
<a href="http://articlesofconfederation.com/">Articles of Confederation</a>. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Laurens inclusive philosophy, along with his wealth, unknowingly, made him a leading candidate for the Presidency to replace the </span><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">John Hancock</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Three days later, to Laurens astonishment,
the chair nominated him to be the President of the Continental Congress. On November 1</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">st</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">, 1777 the vote was
taken and with unanimous approval he became the second President of the </span><u style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">United
States</u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> Continental Congress (</span><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Peyton
Randolph</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> and </span><a href="http://henrymiddleton.com/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Henry Middleton</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> were
presidents of the </span><u style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">United Colonies</u><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"> Continental Congress). Despite this change in Republics from the
United Colonies to the United States Laurens is commonly referred to as the
Fourth President of the Continental Congress.</span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">This was a high tribute because
Laurens was a freshman delegate and not a signer of the <a href="http://thedeclarationofindependence.org/">Declaration of Independence</a>.
His character, independent thinking and merchant’s no nonsense approach to the
constitutional debates so impressed the Delegates that he became the leading
nominee. It was widely believed that
Laurens could lead this fledgling nation to complete the first Constitution of
the United States and win the war with Great Britain. Delegate Roberdeau wrote:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"Henry Laurens, Vice President of
South Carolina, a worthy, sensible, indefatigable Gentleman, was this day
chosen by a unanimous vote, except his own, President of Congress." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title="">[22]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn22" name="_ednref22" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">It was a<i> “surprise”</i> to Laurens because he had joined other members, when it
was clear that Hancock would not be reinstated, to solicit fellow merchant <a href="http://virtualology.com/robert-morris.com/">Robert Morris</a> for the
Chair of Congress. On April 1, 1777, Mrs. Robert Morris wrote her mother Mary
White:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Mr.
Hancock intends resigning his seat in Congress, and going home; it is imagined
he will be appointed Governor of Boston. They meant to have complimented Mr.
Morris with the Presidentship, but he told the gentlemen who informed him of it
he could not serve, as it would interfere entirely with his private business,
and so begged it might be dropped don’t you feel quite important? I assure you
I do, and begin to be reconciled to Independence.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title="">[23]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn23" name="_ednref23" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Continental Congress Historian Dr.
Sanders writes of this event:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“Failing
to secure the services of the Philadelphia merchant-prince in the position
surrendered by Boston man of like calling, Congress turned to Henry Laurens,
the great Charleston merchant, to fill the vacant chair. Big business was not without influence in
America in 1778.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title="">[24]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn24" name="_ednref24" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens wrote to the Carlisle
Committee on the 4th addressing Hancock’s return to Boston and hinted a major
reason why he the Continental Congress did not him a leave of absence: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Your Letter of the 22nd was duly
received & taken under Consideration by Congress. The delay of a reply is
imputable to the bad State of health of the late president The Honorable John
Hancock Esquire who having Suffered under the Gout<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn25" name="_ednref25" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[25]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Several days before he retired from this place could not have discharged every
branch in his department with his wonted facility & precision. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title="">[26]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn26" name="_ednref26" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens first official act as
the President was to preside over and vote for a <a href="http://thanksgivingproclamation.org/">Day of Thanksgiving</a> and <i>"to
adore the superintending providence of Almighty God"</i>. In his first official
letter to the States as President he wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm79" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Dear Sir, The Arms of the United
States of America having been blessed in the present Campaign with remarkable
Success, Congress have Resolved to recommend that one day, Thursday the 18th
December next be Set apart to be observed by all Inhabitants throughout these
States for a General thanksgiving to Almighty God. And I have it in command to
transmit to you the inclosed extract from the minutes of Congress for that
purpose. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm79" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div align="center" class="cm80" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://thanksgivingproclamation.org/">Day of
Thanksgiving</a></span> </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="cm80" style="text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Forasmuch as it is the indispensable
duty of all men to adore the superintending providence of Almighty God; to
acknowledge with gratitude their obligation to him for benefits received, and
to implore such farther blessings as they stand in need of; and it having
pleased him in his abundant mercy not only to continue to us the innumerable
bounties of his common providence, but also to smile upon us in the prosecution
of a just and necessary war, for the defence and establishment of our
unalienable rights and liberties; particularly in that he hath been pleased in
so great a measure to prosper the means used for the support of our troops and
to crown our arms with most signal success: It is therefore recommended to the
legislative or executive powers of these United States, to set apart Thursday,
the eighteenth day of December next, for solemn thanksgiving and praise; that
with one heart1 and one voice the good people may express the grateful feelings
of their hearts, and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine
benefactor; and that together with their sincere acknowledgments and offerings,
they may join the penitent confession of their manifold sins, whereby they had
forfeited every favour, and their humble and earnest supplication that it may please
God, through the merits of Jesus Christ, mercifully to forgive and blot them
out of remembrance; that it may please him graciously to afford his blessing on
the governments of these states respectively, and prosper the public council of
the whole; to inspire our commanders both by land and sea, and all under them,
with that wisdom and fortitude which may render them fit instruments, under the
providence of Almighty God, to secure for these United States the greatest of
all human blessings, independence and peace; that it may please him to prosper
the trade and manufactures of the people and the labour of the husbandman, that
our land may yet yield its increase; to take schools and seminaries of
education, so necessary for cultivating the principles of true liberty, virtue
and piety, under his nurturing hand, and to prosper the means of religion for
the promotion and enlargement of that kingdom which consisteth "in
righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Ghost." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title="">[27]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn27" name="_ednref27" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkOcQktPrVMAZcidvciIEohrA4bD1IN85kt6-QSna-iVquYmCrDTZSmXr60UB9Uk1pNzJsArd0GoHEBgCL-ZWFdZ5Fa-zZ6AosP8t3YeB7qNCBZs-WJIT3T2xGPJnm-e-x1KXldu-19fh/s1600/laurens+thanks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJkOcQktPrVMAZcidvciIEohrA4bD1IN85kt6-QSna-iVquYmCrDTZSmXr60UB9Uk1pNzJsArd0GoHEBgCL-ZWFdZ5Fa-zZ6AosP8t3YeB7qNCBZs-WJIT3T2xGPJnm-e-x1KXldu-19fh/s320/laurens+thanks.jpg" title="November 1, 1777 Thanksgiving Proclamation - Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division. [28]" width="316" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i style="font-size: medium; line-height: 17.866666793823242px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">November 1, 1777 Thanksgiving Proclamation <br />Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division. <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn28" name="_ednref28" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">[28]</span></b></span></span></a></span></i>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="cm80" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">On November 4th, 1777 Congress voted to strike a gold medal celebrating General Horatio Gates and the Victory at Saratoga:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;">Resolved, That the thanks of Congress, in their own name, and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen United States, be presented to Major-General Gates, commander-in-chief in the northern department, and to Major-Generals Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers and troops under his command, for their brave and successful efforts in support of the independence of their country, whereby an army of the enemy, of ten thousand men, has been totally defeated; one large detachment of it, strongly posted and intrenched, having been conquered at Bennington; another repulsed with loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler; and the main army of six thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne, after being beaten in different actions, and driven from a formidable post and strong intrenchments, reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon terms honourable and advantageous to these States, on the 17th day of October last, to Major-General Gates; and that a medal of gold be struck, under the direction of the Board of War, in commemoration of this great event, and in the name of these United States presented by the President to Major-General Gates. - Tuesday, November 4, 1777.</span></span><br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><i>Resolved, That the thanks of Congress, in their own name, and in behalf of the inhabitants of the thirteen United States, be presented to Major-General Gates, commander-in-chief in the northern department, and to Major-Generals Lincoln and Arnold, and the rest of the officers and troops under his command, for their brave and successful efforts in support of the independence of their country, whereby an army of the enemy, of ten thousand men, has been totally defeated; one large detachment of it, strongly posted and intrenched, having been conquered at Bennington; another repulsed with loss and disgrace from Fort Schuyler; and the main army of six thousand men, under Lieutenant-General Burgoyne, after being beaten in different actions, and driven from a formidable post and strong intrenchments, reduced to the necessity of surrendering themselves upon terms honourable and advantageous to these States, on the 17th day of October last, to Major-General Gates; and that a medal of gold be struck, under the direction of the Board of War, in commemoration of this great event, and in the name of these United States presented by the President to Major-General Gates. - Tuesday, November 4, 1777.</i></span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 24px;"><br /></span></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipL6LFNG3n90UT6LHPWrJ57dVBpDtVyWiN0obifRoemVLc2QsqZSUXPo8lR4GKnEG2JjbkOD5wiUj8crEakpyqofKMT238fPWueOcNu6x_yiIHsPsK93hosG0hLStGrSfoESgp9AQDiVX/s1600/HORATIO+GATES+Saratoga+Medal+1777+Obverse.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhipL6LFNG3n90UT6LHPWrJ57dVBpDtVyWiN0obifRoemVLc2QsqZSUXPo8lR4GKnEG2JjbkOD5wiUj8crEakpyqofKMT238fPWueOcNu6x_yiIHsPsK93hosG0hLStGrSfoESgp9AQDiVX/s400/HORATIO+GATES+Saratoga+Medal+1777+Obverse.png" title="MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES, Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga Medal, HORATIO GATES DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Horatio Gates, a valiant general.) Bust of General Gates, in uniform, facing the left. N. GATTEAUX. SALUS REGIONUM SEPTENTRIONAL. (Salus regionum septentrionalium: The safety of the northern regions.) Lieutenant-General Burgoyne is surrendering his sword to General Gates. In the background, on the left, the vanquished troops of Great Britain are grounding their arms and standards. On the right is the victorious American army, in order of battle, with colors flying. Exergue: HOSTE AD SARATOGAM IN DEDITION. (deditionem) ACCEPTO DIE XVII. OCT. (Octobris) MDCCLXXVII. (The enemy surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777.) On the platform, GATTEAUX, Fecit. - http://www.henrylaurens.com/" width="397" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES, Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga Medal, HORATIO GATES DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Horatio Gates, a valiant general.) Bust of General Gates, in uniform, facing the left. N. GATTEAUX. SALUS REGIONUM SEPTENTRIONAL. (Salus regionum septentrionalium: The safety of the northern regions.) Lieutenant-General Burgoyne is surrendering his sword to General Gates. In the background, on the left, the vanquished troops of Great Britain are grounding their arms and standards. On the right is the victorious American army, in order of battle, with colors flying. Exergue: HOSTE AD SARATOGAM IN DEDITION. (deditionem) ACCEPTO DIE XVII. OCT. (Octobris) MDCCLXXVII. (The enemy surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777.) On the platform, GATTEAUX, Fecit.</span></blockquote>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvC3KR1s9ZZMGovI4gqK4-jmkpguMJ3zbW3gPFm7TEKLh2hwKY0dviM6jnDwki-H3dMvDadrTT8KcAVeXmJbVBnDfPa-C61BgKgBSguzsOfr7MbOPcx07-dCRhHcQt3mU9bZq8jAbNMSw/s1600/HORATIO+GATES+Saratoga+Medal+1777+Reverse.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigvC3KR1s9ZZMGovI4gqK4-jmkpguMJ3zbW3gPFm7TEKLh2hwKY0dviM6jnDwki-H3dMvDadrTT8KcAVeXmJbVBnDfPa-C61BgKgBSguzsOfr7MbOPcx07-dCRhHcQt3mU9bZq8jAbNMSw/s400/HORATIO+GATES+Saratoga+Medal+1777+Reverse.png" title="MAJOR-GENERAL HORATIO GATES, Surrender of the British Army at Saratoga Medal, HORATIO GATES DUCI STRENUO COMITIA AMERICANA. (The American Congress to Horatio Gates, a valiant general.) Bust of General Gates, in uniform, facing the left. N. GATTEAUX. SALUS REGIONUM SEPTENTRIONAL. (Salus regionum septentrionalium: The safety of the northern regions.) Lieutenant-General Burgoyne is surrendering his sword to General Gates. In the background, on the left, the vanquished troops of Great Britain are grounding their arms and standards. On the right is the victorious American army, in order of battle, with colors flying. Exergue: HOSTE AD SARATOGAM IN DEDITION. (deditionem) ACCEPTO DIE XVII. OCT. (Octobris) MDCCLXXVII. (The enemy surrendered at Saratoga, on the 17th of October, 1777.) On the platform, GATTEAUX, Fecit. reverse - http://www.henrylaurens.com/" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The legend of the obverse of this medal, originally proposed by the French Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres, was Horatio Gates duci provido comitia americana; and that of the reverse, salus provinciarum septentrionalium. -- <b>Horatio Gates</b> was born in Malden, England, in 1728. He entered the British army when young, and served under General Lord Cornwallis in Nova Scotia, and afterward under General Braddock in his campaign against Fort Duquesne, but, being severely wounded during the retreat, left the army and settled in Virginia. Having received a commission as adjutant-general, with the rank of brigadier, he accompanied Washington to Cambridge in July, 1775. While commander-in-chief of the northern army, he defeated General John Burgoyne at Stillwater, September 17, 1777, and received his surrender at Saratoga on the 17th of October following, for which most important achievement Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal.[31] He was appointed commander-in-chief of the southern department in June, 1780, but, being defeated shortly afterward at Camden, on the 16th of August, he was superseded by General Greene. During the remainder of the war he played no prominent part, and, at the conclusion of peace, retired to his estate, in Virginia. In 1790 he removed to New York city, where he died, April 10, 1806. -- <b>Nicolas Marie Gatteaux</b> was born in Paris, August 2, 1751, and in the latter part of the reign of Louis XVI. was appointed engraver of medals to the king. During the French Revolution he was intrusted with the execution of various works of art for different branches of the public service. The process followed in the printing of assignats, of bills of exchange, and of lottery tickets, as well as the printing-press which works at the same time with the dry and wet stamp, were his inventions. He designed and engraved a number of medals representing eminent persons, or important events of the period, including three relating to the War of Independence, viz., those of General Gates, General Wayne, and Major John Stewart He died in Paris, June 24, 1832.</span></blockquote>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">On November 15</span><sup style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">th</sup><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">, 1777,
without much further debate the </span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://constitutionof1777.com/">Constitution of 1777</a></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">, the
Articles of Confederation, was passed by Congress. The Perpetual Union of the United States of America
was now in the womb of nations. Its
birth, however, required its ratification by all 13 States and this would not
be realized until March 1, 1781 under </span><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">President
Huntington</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">. Henry Laurens would sign
the document, not as President of the Continental Congress, but as a delegate
from South Carolina when South Carolina formally ratified the Articles of
Confederation on July 9, 1778. </span></div>
</div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">President Laurens' office and lodging
at York Town were not as large, he claimed, as the center hall in his South
Carolina home. Laurens noted he often dined on only bread and cheese with a
glass of grog. He believed this diet was appropriate as <a href="http://georgewashington.us/">George Washington</a> and the soldiers’
rations were so meager at Valley Forge.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn29" name="_ednref29" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Laurens learned the burden of the office included being the conduit of unhappy
correspondence between Congress and the have starved Commander-in-Chief. In
addition to this, Laurens was responsible for the diplomatic correspondence,
chairing the meetings, the granting and refusal of favors to be heard by
Congress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In the first part of December 1777 he,
like his predecessor, had a severe attack of the gout which confined him to his
room. For the next three months Laurens walked with a limp. At the crisis over
the Saratoga Convention he was carried into the York-Town Courthouse to preside
over the crucial meeting. He wrote I am: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">… sitting eighteen or nineteen,
sometimes twenty hours in twenty-four. This encourages horrible swellings
which are not quite dispersed with the short respite in bed. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title="">[30]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn30" name="_ednref30" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">On December 12th, a mere 42 days after
his election, he asked Congress to elect him a successor:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“Gentlemen
York Town 12 December 1777 In the Character of a Delegate in Congress give me leave to
address you. Your President has been confined to his Chamber & his Bed for
three days & Nights past during which time he has not had three hours
Sleep. The Malady under which he labours has made such progress as to convince
him by reflecting upon former attacks that he will not be able to move out of
the House nor to attend his duty in Congress for some Weeks to come. When he
accepted the Honour which you were pleased to confer on him it was with a
single Eye to your service in the most comprehensive meaning. Now he finds
himself incapable of performing his duty he is anxious to Resign that Honor, which he accepted
only on obedience to your Vote.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title="">[31]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn31" name="_ednref31" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens’ request was postponed by
Congress, in a very complimentary style, refusing to accept it. He then settled
into the presidency for his <i>"year" </i>term as prescribed by the
new <i><a href="http://constitutionof1777.com/">Constitution of 1777</a></i> which was
expected to be ratified by the States in 1778. As President, he participated in
the finalization of The Franco American Treaties of Alliance and of Amity and
Commerce with France which, were signed by him as U.S. President of the
Continental Congress on February 6, 1778.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">President Laurens was an active
participant in debate especially, when he was the sole delegate represented by
South Carolina. His Presidency drew criticism by his fellow delegates, as he
was not hesitant to use his chair to make timely and uncomplimentary remarks
about his colleagues. As President, Laurens opposed any expeditions against
Florida urging Congress instead to defend Georgia and South Carolina from
Native Americans and Tory resistance. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 13.4pt;">In his book the</span><i style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13.4pt;"> President of the
Continental Congress 1774 - 1789</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 13.4pt;"> Sanders writes:</span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 13.4pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm102" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“Laurens is unique among the …
Presidents … His letters give an insight into the workings of Congress and the
Presidential office … As President, he was intimately acquainted with all
Congressional affairs; indeed, many matters were necessarily known only to him
until their presentation from the chair. Congressional leadership must
not be construed to mean merely the activities of members on the floor of that
body. One gains the impression from a perusal of the correspondence of
the day, that important matters were discussed informally outside Congress by
coteries, fractions, and cliques as they ate their meals together or visited
their rooming places. Action in Congress, therefore, might at times be little
more than formal recognition of what had already been agreed upon outside.
Through this type of leadership a President might exercise great influence, and
yet never participate in debate from the chair.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title="">[32]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn32" name="_ednref32" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm102" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm102" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">For
example, Henry Laurens wrote on April 7, 1778 to James Duane that <i>"… The Letter has not yet been
presented to Congress, but has undergone severe strictures from knot of our
friends who call here late at night and conned it over."</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn33" name="_ednref33" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
On another matter Laurens writes on April 28, 1778 concerning his reasoning for
delay of Louis Fleury’s petition <i>"…these
I say are private Sentiments drawn from friends among my Coadjutors in
Congress." <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn34" name="_ednref34" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[34]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</i>The fact that the President, for the most part, received all official
correspondence gave him the discretion to choose when and if it should be
brought before Congress for consideration. Laurens expertly utilized this power
throughout his Presidency to accelerate or impede the consideration of all
official business of the United States of America. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm102" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens tenure as President was
during one of most stormy periods in the Revolutionary War. He seemed to
align himself against <a href="http://johnjay.net/">John Jay</a>, <a href="http://virtualology.com/robert-morris.com/">Robert Morris</a> and Silas
Deane (conservatives) but only lukewarm to the Adams-Lees Faction. A major test
of his <i>“non-partisan” </i>leadership erupted just nine days into his
Presidency. The plan for the displacement of <a href="http://georgewashington.us/">George Washington</a> for <a href="http://virtualology.com/HORATIOGATES.COM/">Horatio Gates</a> came to
light on November 9<sup>th</sup>. The controversy then exploded occurring
during the same period that President Henry Laurens was occupied with the
Saratoga Convention, negotiating the surrender settlement of British General
Burgoyne and his army. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">This scheme to replace Washington
stemmed from the Adams-Lees Faction, “<i>the
revolutionary party"</i>,
who wanted to keep all executive business in the hands of Congress through
committees and boards. They strove for a strict system of control over the
Commander-in-Chief. The other bloc is best described as the <i>"constructive
party" </i>and its leaders included George Washington, Benjamin Franklin,
John Jay, Robert Morris and <a href="http://virtualology.com/robertrlivingston.com">Robert R. Livingston</a>.
The Adams-Lee Faction was comprised of men who were the <i>"Zealots" </i>of
revolution and forced altercation with Great Britain. It was the constructive
faction who transformed the fitful rebellion into an organized and successful
revolution. President Henry Laurens’ politics, however, was an enigma and
thought by each camp to be partial to their respective faction until the
Lee-Deane Affair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Adams-Lee Faction steadily worked,
after General Gates' Victory at Saratoga, to bring Congress to the opinion that
the safety of the country demanded Horatio should replace George as
Commander-in-Chief. The plot, however, had few active supporters in Congress
and the Continental Army. Chief supporters of the Gates scheme rounded off some
impressive patriots supporting General Gates including James Lovell, Benjamin
Rush, Major General Thomas Mifflin and their organizer General Thomas Conway, a
French officer of Irish lineage. The movement to displace Washington began
before the Victory at Saratoga. Even John and Samuel Adams contributed
powerfully to hostility against George Washington by ridiculing his <i>"Fabian
Policy" </i>calling for <i>"a short and violent war" </i>and
preaching according to Henry Laurens historian D. D. Wallace " … <i>that
the worship of a man amounted to amounted to the sin of idolatry which would
certainly call down the curse of Heaven" <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title="">[35]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></i><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn35" name="_ednref35" title=""><br /></a></span></b></span></span></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 13.4pt;">John Adams exclaimed on the repulse of
the British from Delaware River Forts:</span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"Thank God the glory is not
immediately due to the Commander-in-Chief, or idolatry and adulation would have
been so excessive as to endanger our liberties." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title="">[36]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn36" name="_ednref36" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">As the attacks on Washington mounted
the plotters made wild charges of his incompetence. It was asserted that
cowardice restrained Washington from driving General Howe out of Philadelphia
in 1777 even though he had two to three times more forces than the British. For
example, James Lovell the delegate from Massachusetts maintained that
Washington marched his army up and down with no other purpose then to wear out
their clothing, shoes, and stockings. The facts on this particular case,
however, were that General Howe's foraging parties had greater numbers than
Washington's entire army encamped in Valley Forge. An attack on
Philadelphia would have decimated the Continental Army. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy4VFJuMneTHhkKr2zgGWf3nFoQtfthgnADYUduKeDms7QWp8t-NbD2KBCgkHYsQqLXdYfcQBklJnft7ASPzSi-cHAtRw8aW_g2B8q_y0G4zWnxdIS1q0CfNK0UwpaW8iQ9ly1XgwQ7BVz/s1600/laurens+commission.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Copyright © Stan Klos, President Who? Forgotten Founders 2004 & 2008" border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy4VFJuMneTHhkKr2zgGWf3nFoQtfthgnADYUduKeDms7QWp8t-NbD2KBCgkHYsQqLXdYfcQBklJnft7ASPzSi-cHAtRw8aW_g2B8q_y0G4zWnxdIS1q0CfNK0UwpaW8iQ9ly1XgwQ7BVz/s400/laurens+commission.jpg" title="Continental Congress Military promotion stating: "In Congress -- The Delegations of the United States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia to ... " [37] which was commonly used before the Articles of Confederation were ratified." width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><i><span style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 14px;"><br /></span></i><span style="color: #073763; font-size: small;"><b><i>Continental Congress Military promotion stating: "In Congress -- The Delegations of the United States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts-bay Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia to ... " <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn37">[37]</a> which was commonly used before the Articles of Confederation were ratified. - Image Courtesy of the Stan Klos Collection</i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Lovell wrote again to Samuel Adams to
complain about his fellow delegates coming to Washington’s defense, stating:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">“You
could not expect more smartness in a Resolve which was meant to rap a Demi G-
over the Knuckles, than what you found in the one hinted at. What a fatality attends some men in the choice of
their favorites! It seems as if honest men are not to be found in the 13 United
States sufficient to make aids de Camp, Secretaries and privy Councellors to one
great Man, whom no Citizen shall dare even to talk about say the Gentlemen of the Blade.”
<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title="">[38]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn38" name="_ednref38" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Continental Congress, to make
matters more complex for Washington, bestowed upon Gates and his supporters a
series of appointments and promotions. Most notably, Generals Gates and <a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/">Thomas Mifflin</a> were placed upon the Board
of War and <a href="http://famousamericans.net/thomasconway/">Thomas Conway</a>
was elected against Washington's protest as Inspector General of the
Continental Army. In these influential positions the scheme to replace
Washington was pressed forward by a series of <i>"interferences, shackles,
vexations and slights to resign his command" </i>according to
Revolutionary War Historian Wallace. Their incompetence of managing the
Board of War, Commissary and Quartermaster departments left wagon loads of
clothing and provisions standing in the woods much to the chagrin of Henry
Laurens. The sufferings of Washington and his troops at Valley Forge were due
to these men's incompetence and their conspiracy to replace the
Commander-in-Chief with Horatio Gates. The Valley Forge tragedy was not a
product of the new nation’s poverty or the refusal of its citizens to
contribute to the War effort. It was a
political travesty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm6" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Irrefutable
proof of a conspiracy against <a href="http://georgewashington.us/">George
Washington</a> came to light when General Stirling sent the Commander-in-Chief
a quote from <a href="http://famousamericans.net/thomasconway/">Thomas Conway's</a>
letter to Gates:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.55pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"Heaven has been determined to
save your country, or a weak general and bad counselors would have ruined
it." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title="">[39]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn39" name="_ednref39" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.55pt; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Washington’s only response was to send
the quote back to Conway on November 9, writing only: <i>“A letter, which I
received last night, contained the following paragraph.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title="">[40]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn40" name="_ednref40" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></i></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">On November 28<sup>th</sup>, General
and future President <a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/">Thomas Mifflin</a>
sent a letter to Gates alerting him that the extract from Conway’s letter had
been sent to Washington, and how the Commander-in-Chief responded. Mifflin’s
letter indicated he agreed that Conway’s letter was just. In this letter he
cautioned Gates to be careful; as such open correspondence will “<i>injure his
best friends.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title="">[41]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn41" name="_ednref41" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></i></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Washington never made this letter
public. Gates, however, did not heed Mifflin’s advice and wrote Washington
a letter ranting about a so called scoundrel who supposedly leaked the Conway
letter to the public. To Washington’s bewilderment, Gates copied Congress
thus making the letter public. Henry Laurens learned of this through his
son, a Washington Aide-to-Camp. John Laurens wrote to his father from
headquarters on January 3rd, 1778 giving this assessment in a brief sentence
identifying the Cabal’s true <i>“head”.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"Conway has weight with a certain
party, formed against the present Commander-in Chief at the head of which is
General Mifflin." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title="">[42]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn42" name="_ednref42" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">General Conway's letter gave George
Washington no other option but to defend himself openly against the conspiracy
as it was now in the public eye. Washington wrote to Laurens on January 4<sup>th</sup>,
1778 that it was <i>“beyond the depth of my comprehension”</i> that Gates would
make public the correspondence. Washington wrote a letter to Gates and
copied Congress notifying him that it was his own aide, Wilkinson, who had been
indiscreet and not anyone in his camp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> President Laurens wrote to his
son: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"Talking of General Conway's
Letter which has been circulating as formerly intimated, & of which General
Gates declared both his ignorance & disapprobation, I took occasion to say,
if General Conway pretends sincerity in his late parallel between the Great
F____ [Fredrick] & the great W____ [Washington] he has, taking this Letter
into view, been guilty of the blackest hypocrisy - if not, he is chargeable
with the guilt of an unprovoked sarcasm & is unpardonable. The General perfectly
acquiesced in that sentiment & added such hints as convinced me he thought
highly of Conway. Shall such a Man seperate friends or keep them asunder? It
must not be. My Dear son, I pray God protect you." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title="">[43]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn43" name="_ednref43" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens was anxious to play the role
of <i>"peacemaker" </i>between Gates and Washington walking the
middle ground. In the end Laurens neutrality embolden the Cabal but the scheme
to replace <a href="http://georgewashington.us/">George Washington</a> with <a href="http://virtualology.com/HORATIOGATES.COM/">Horatio Gates</a> fell apart
in early 1778 when the plan was made public. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">One after another the delegates and
generals hasten to disclaim any connection to the Conway and Gates. The
reaction of the people was clear, George Washington was strongly entrenched in
the minds and hearts of the common man and they wanted him to remain the
Commander-in-Chief. The public's affection towards Washington did not <i>"endanger
our libertieis" </i>as Adams predicted but rather gave them new support as
the people rallied around the Commander-in Chief. The Cabal was dead; the
people had spoken this lesson culminated to finally combining the office of the
U.S. Presidency with the power of Commander-in-Chief in the 2nd Constitution of
1787. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Second Constitutional Convention,
in 1778, was still nine years away with the states still debating the
ratification of the <i>Constitution of 1777</i>,
the Articles of Confederation. Despite Washington holding on as
Commander-in-Chief the country fell into desperate times over the divisive
philosophies in Congress on how to conduct business while the founders awaited
the ratification of the <a href="http://articlesofconfederation.com/">Articles
of Confederation</a>. President Laurens' remarked during this divisive period
that the fledgling confederation held together only because the enemy "<i>keeps
pace with us in profusion, mismanagement and family discord" <a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn44" name="_ednref44" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">[44]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Despite the challenges, Henry Laurens,
remained constructive turning to the business of the Presidency. The <i>"Conway
Cabal" </i>was now<i> </i>behind him, the Articles of Confederation before
the States for ratification, and the Victory at Saratoga was a military coup so
impressive that the French were now ready to sign a series of <i>Commerce and
Alliance</i> Treaties with the Continental Congress. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">President Laurens, an astute merchant,
believed that commerce provisions in one of the treaties were seriously flawed.
Specifically he objected to the Confederation abandoning, by treaty, its claims
over the control of Florida and the Bahamas which were important future sources
of federal revenue in trade duties and land sales. Additionally Laurens
believed that French interest in these territories was political cautioning his
fellow delegates that once the treaties were ratified Spain would be lay claim
to Florida. France would remain neutral on Spanish land accession due to a
clandestine <i>"side" </i>agreement between the two European Powers.
Laurens was heavily ridiculed by his peers and out maneuvered on measures to
correct these inadequacies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm87" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Franco-American treaties were
executed on February 6, 1778 and despite his doubts, President
Laurens expressed a <i>"most hearty congratulations" </i>to
Commissioners Silas Deane, Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee. Time,
however, proved Laurens right as the United States loss the valuable southern
port of St. Augustine and large tracts of land which, were both direly needed
to fund the fledging government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In the spring of 1778, Laurens letters
spoke continuously of the deficiency of State representation in Congress. He
found fault in both the bare necessity of delegates to make quorums and the
naïveté of new members in Congress. He believed the inexperienced delegates
were not capable of dealing with important commercial treaties between America
and Denmark, Russia, Spain, Holland and Sweden. He ardently sought more
experienced representation from the state legislatures in numerous letters to
their leaders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">By the summer of 1778 his letters
blossomed into the formation of a considerably strengthened Congress. <a href="http://samueladams.net/">Samuel Adams</a> returned after an absence of
six months. <a href="http://virtualology.com/GOUVERNEURMORRIS.COM/">Gouvernor
Morris</a> and Roger Sherman also returned along with Thomas Heyward. The
brilliant young William Henry Drayton, Richard Hutson and John Matthews all
took their seats in York. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Conway Cabal emerged once again in
the summer of 1778 when Thomas Mifflin was addressed as "<i>pivot</i>"
in Laurens June 11th letter to his son. In this letter Laurens writes about
Congress's call for an investigation into General Mifflin's quartermaster
activities: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">If you were here in this Room I could
entertain you five minutes with description of an excellent attempt in favor of
pivot which was not only ousted but brought on a proposition which, as a Man of
honor he must have wished for, as a Man of politeness he must have wished for
it, because all the World wished for it. Your antagonists I find have not yet
turned their backs, the more motions they make the more I suspect them. When
they shall be fairly gone I will sing te deum, but 'till then my duty & my
Interest dictate infidelity & command me to be watchful. The long
continuance of repeated accounts marking their intended embarkation has injured
our Cause more than you are aware of. Adieu. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title="">[45]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn45" name="_ednref45" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Laurens according to the Library of
congress <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm11" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">… was alluding to the call for an
investigation of former quartermaster general Thomas Mifflin that Congress
approved this day. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title="">[46]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn46" name="_ednref46" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm11" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In previous correspondence with his
son, Laurens had used the term <i>"pivot" </i>to designate Mifflin's
role in the so-called Conway Cabal. That John Laurens understood the use of it
in the present letter as a reference to Mifflin is indicated by this statement
in his June 14th reply: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The inquiry into the conduct of the
late quarter masters, must give pleasure to every man who wishes to see the
betrayers of public trusts brought to condign punishment. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title="">[47]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn47" name="_ednref47" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">General Mifflin would later be
exonerated of these charges and go on to serve as President of the United
States, in Congress Assembled. George Washington, however, remained cool to
Mifflin throughout the rest of his days never forgetting his role in the Conway
Cabal. In an ironic twist a fate when <a href="http://georgewashington.us/">George Washington</a> resigned his office of
Commander-in-Chief in 1783 it ended ceremoniously with his commission being
returned to the President of the United States, <a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/">Thomas Mifflin</a>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">On June 20<sup>th</sup> the news that
the British had evacuated Philadelphia on the 18th reached Congress. The city was in complete celebration with
barn fires, the lighting of the courthouse and fireworks. On Wednesday June the 25<sup>th</sup> the Continental
Congress would adjourn on the 28<sup>th</sup> and reconvene <i>“From this place to meet at Philadelphia, on
Thursday, the second of July next.”<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title="">[48]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn48" name="_ednref48" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></i></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Continental Congress was unable to
form a quorum at the Philadelphia State House on July 2<sup>nd</sup>. The Journals report:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">According
to adjournment, the president and a number of members met at the State House in
Philadelphia on Thursday the 2d of July,and adjourned from day to day, to the
present.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title="">[49]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn49" name="_ednref49" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Congress finally achieved a quorum on
July 7<sup>th</sup> not at the State House but at the College of Philadelphia
as evidenced by signer Joseph Bartlett’s letter to John Langdon on July 13,
1778: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The
Congress meets in the College Hall, as the State House was left by the
enemy in a most filthy and sordid situation, as were many of the public and
private buildings in the City. Some of the genteel houses were used for stables
and holes cut in the parlor floors and their dung shovelled into the cellars.
The country Northward of the City for several miles is one common waste, the
houses burnt, the fruit trees and others cut down and carried off, fences
carried away gardens and orchards destroyed-Mr Dickenson's and Mr Morris' fine
seats all demolished-in short I could hardly find the great roads that used to
pass that way. The enemy built a strong abattee with the fruit and other trees
from the Delaware to Skuylkill and at about 40 or 50 rods distance along the
abattue a quadrangular fort for cannon and a number of redoubts for small arms;
the same on the several eminences along the Skuylkill against the City.</span></i></blockquote>
</div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens on July 15<sup>th</sup>
writes this to Rawlins Lowdens discussing the conditions of the Pennsylvania
Statehouse and the need for Congress to utilize the College of Philadelphia for
its meetings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">On
that day I left York Town and arrived here the 30th-from various impediments I
could not collect a sufficient number of States to form a Congress earlier than
the 7th Instant; one was the offensiveness of the air in and around the State
House, which the Enemy had made an Hospital and left it in a condition
disgraceful to the Character of civility. Particularly they had opened a large
square pit near the House, a receptacle for filth, into which they had also
cast dead horses and the bodies of Men who by the mercy of death had escaped
from their further cruelties. I cannot proceed to a new subject before I add a
curse on their savage practices.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Congress
in consequence of this disappointment have been shuffling from Meeting House to
College Hall the last seven days & have not performed half the business
which might and ought to have been done, in a more commodious situation. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcmViimQvQXtw3SabH8FXppUx3Q_NexN9CrDCA6JPQBLDuh-vPZecobCMXHQrQiS3p9gGLT7sRVyv_Hlrevx6ldpzxAx0HAil_yOxemZsH03qthA-G-e8lNgFkCBqHm877BvPE5iYiVzDq/s1600/laurens+college+hall.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Copyright © Stan Klos, President Who? Forgotten Founders 2004 & 2008" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcmViimQvQXtw3SabH8FXppUx3Q_NexN9CrDCA6JPQBLDuh-vPZecobCMXHQrQiS3p9gGLT7sRVyv_Hlrevx6ldpzxAx0HAil_yOxemZsH03qthA-G-e8lNgFkCBqHm877BvPE5iYiVzDq/s400/laurens+college+hall.gif" title="ollege of Philadelphia Academy Building “College Hall” Circa 1740" width="346" /></a></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<i style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">College
of Philadelphia Academy Building “College Hall” Circa 1740</span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">October 31, 1778 marked Laurens
completion of his one-year term prescribed in the <u>un-ratified</u> <a href="http://articlesofconfederation.com/">Articles
of Confederation</a>. Laurens had often referenced his approval of the
constitution’s provision forbidding a delegate to hold the Presidency more than
one year in three and accordingly he offered his resignation. The constitution,
however, was not ratified and no <i>Perpetual Union</i> or its governing body,
the <i>United States, in Congress Assembled</i>, was formed. The
Continental Congress still existed and operated under the <a href="http://articlesofassociation.org/">Articles
of Association</a> and subsequent resolutions so Laurens was not
required to step down from this presiding office. It was reported that the
members gathered in a circle to discuss his resignation and Samuel Adams
communicated their unanimous desire for Laurens to serve until the Articles
were ratified by all the States creating the new government <i>United States,
in Congress Assembled</i>. Laurens according to biographer D. D. Wallace: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Expressed his pleasure at being able
to balk 'his quondam friend' in the newspaper and acceded to the request of the
members, but declined to approve a minute of the proceedings saying 'he had no
anxiety for obtaining complimentary records.' The Journals thus contain no
suggestion of the incident.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title="">[50]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn50" name="_ednref50" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">The Deane-Lee foreign affairs
controversy also fell into the lap of President Laurens. <a href="http://www.virtualology.com/SilasDeane/">Silas Deane</a> was one of the
commissioners who negotiated the February Treaty with France. Deane, a
pro-French patriot, had also contracted the services of Lafayette, De Kalb, and
other foreign officers, personally, to the cause for Independence. These
contracts were subsequently made the basis of charges against him by congress
on the grounds of extravagance. Congress had received correspondence from
Dean’s fellow commissioner Arthur Lee that Silas was a profiteer. Ralph Izard, a friend of President Laurens,
wrote to him from France condemning both commissioners Dean and <a href="http://benjaminfranklin.org/">Benjamin Franklin</a>. The letters of Lee and Izard carried
considerable weight with the Adams-Lee Faction who was strongly biased against
the French. They believed France wanted to control the North Atlantic fisheries
(New England) and lands northwest of the Ohio River (Virginia). Silas Deane was staunchly supported by fellow
Peace Commissioner Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, John Dickinson and
Secretary Charles Thomson. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Deane was recalled in consequence by
resolution passed and signed by Laurens.
Reaching Philadelphia in 1778, Deane found that many reports had been
circulated to his discredit. These seem to have originated with his late
colleague, Arthur Lee, who had quarreled with him in Paris. Henry Laurens
received Deane and went over all his affairs in a two-hour private interview.
Henry Laurens reported that he believed Dean supporting his account. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; text-align: start;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-size: 15px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/DXVawyKbUZU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe><br />
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #990000; font-size: large;">Who was the first U.S. President?</span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Deane had presented a signed statement
from Grand, the commissioners' Paris Banker, of all funds spent. Banker Grand,
however refused to part with the original vouchers until the final accounting.
President Laurens found this inappropriate as Deane had disbursed 250,000
pounds sterling and had no excuse for coming without accounts and vouchers.
Arthur Lee reiterated his charges and Deane's advocates failed to rally his
cause squarely before Congress causing Lauren's to side against Silas Deane. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm83" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">A Congressional inquiry into the state
of foreign affairs also included a thorough examination of Mr. Deane's role. He
was regularly notified to attend the sessions in an attempt to discern the
facts of the controversy. On December 4th Deane wrote again to Congress,
acquainting them with his having received their notification of another session
and expressing his thanks for the ongoing investigation. On the following day,
to almost everyone's surprise, Deane published his extraordinary address in the
<i>Pennsylvania Packet</i>, which attacked Congress, President Henry Laurens
and his accusers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm83" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"To The Free and Virtuous
Citizens Of America. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Friends and Countrymen, THE happiness
or misfortunes, the benefits or injuries of an individual, have generally no
claim to the public attention. I do not therefore address you on my own
account, but on yours. I do not wish to prejudice any man, but to serve my
country, I was content, even while sacrificed for the aggrandizement of others;
but I will not see an individual, or family, raised upon the ruins of the
general weal. What I write to you, I would have said to your Representatives,
their ears have been shut against me, by an attention to matters, which my
respect for them induces me to believe were of more importance. While it was safe
to be silent, my lips were closed. Necessity hath opened them, and necessity
must excuse this effort, to serve, by informing you. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">What I have done, and what I have
suffered, from the moment I left my native shore, until I was honoured with one
colleague, and saddled with another, is needless now to repeat; I have told it
substantially to Congress, and as their servant, I leave it with them. In
September, 1776, they appointed the Honourable Benjamin Franklin, Arthur Lee,
Esquires and myself, their Commissioners at the Court of Versailles, previous
to which, I had the honour to be the Commercial and Political Agent of America
in Europe. My venerable friend, Dr. Franklin, arrived at Paris in December,
1776, and Arthur Lee, Esq; a few days after him. This gentleman, by agreement
among the Commissioners, went to Spain in the month of February following, to
negociate your interests there, and having by a wanton display of his errand,
given great and just cause of distrust to the Court of Madrid, he returned in
the beginning of April, not having gone further than the city of Burgos. The
reasons of that Court for restricting him to this place, with many other
matters important for you to know, may perhaps appear in the course of these
letters. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm11" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">While he was on that journey, Dr.
Franklin received a commission to go thither, but his health, the season, and
other circumstances prevented his departure until he was superseded. Many
reasons concurred, to convince the Commissioners that Arthur Lee, Esq. could no
where be less serviceable than at Paris, and therefore in May, 1777, he set off
to make the tour of Germany, in order to arrive at Berlin in safety. At this
place, he was so unfortunate as to do nothing, unless indeed we may give the
name of business to the loss of his papers, by which a discovery was made of
the secrets of his colleagues, and the British ministry enabled to counteract
the measure taken for your benefit. In August he returned to Paris, and shortly
after received his appointment as Commissioner to the Court of Madrid, with
reservation, nevertheless, of his former commission, to that of Versailles.
Here I must leave him to take notice of another gentleman of the same family.</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm11" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm11" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In
February, 1777, I received a notification of the appointment of William Lee,
Esq.; to be one of your Commercial Agents in Europe, of which I gave him
notice. As your commercial affairs were, at that time, in such a state as to
require much attention and care, I pressed this gentleman, then in England, to
come over immediately and execute his office, but heard nothing from him till
the month of June, when he arrived in Paris. At this place he continued until
about sometime in August, when he went to Nantz. There he was loudly called on
to regulate certain affairs, which he prudently declined, left, as he observed,
his property in England should be affected. In September or October, he
returned to Paris, and there received his appointment of Commissioner to the
Courts of Vienna and Berlin. He continued nevertheless inactive at Paris until
the month of December, carefully concealing his appointments, which might
indeed have militated against his office of Alderman of the city of London
which he did then, and probably does still retain. When the news of General
Burgoyne defeat and surrender arrived, it produced a revolution in the minds of
many, and, among others, inspired your Commercial Agent, and Political
Commissioner, the Honorable William Lee, Esq.; with some degree of activity in
your favor. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm11" style="margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">That I may not be under the necessity
of mentioning this gentleman again, I add here, that he hath since gone to
Vienna, having first appointed sundry commercial Agents for you, at the several
ports, and in one instance removed the * person who had faithfully done your
business for two per cent, in favour of another, who is to receive five per
cent, of which, as well as of the like commission at other places, Mr. Lee
receives a share, for superintending at Vienna, the business done on your
account a thousand miles off from his place of residence. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">My respect for the Honourable the
Congress, and of consequence for its members, will lead me to treat with all
possible tenderness their friends, dependants and connections, and therefore as
the Honorable Arthur and William Lee, Esqrs. have two brothers in that Body, I
shall make no other observation on the fruitful topic of their manners and
deportment, than this, that unfortunately for you, those gentlemen so highly
elevated, and so widely entrusted, gave universal disgust to the nation whose
assistance we solicited. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm2" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Having thus introduced
you to your great servants, I proceed to make you acquainted with some other
personages, which it is of consequence for you to know. I am sorry to say, that
the Honorable Arthur Lee, Esq; was suspected, by some of the best friends you
had abroad, and those in important characters and stations. This arose from his
connection and acquaintance with Lord Shelburne, who had been his patron in
England, and to whom it was, from many circumstances, whether well or ill founded,
were frequently related and urged to Doctor Franklin and myself, and joined to
his undisguised hatred of, and expressions of contempt for, the French nation
in general, embarrassed us exceedingly, and was of no small prejudice to your
affairs. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm2" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In the summer of 1777, a
correspondence took place between a certain Doctor Berkenhout and the Hon.
Arthur Lee, Esq; on political subjects. The Doctor proposed in general terms,
an accommodation, and after all obstacles arising from our supposed want of
confidence in him, and the like, were removed, the Doctor went so far as to
propose a meeting with Mr. Lee; but these dispositions were deranged, by the
news of GeneralHowearrival in this city. Mr. Lee shewed to Doctor Franklin and
myself a part of this correspondence, and in order to give the greater weight
to Doctor Berkenhoutremarks, gave us to understand, that the Doctor was in the
confidence of the British Ministry. </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm79" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Immediately on the
arrival of the news of General Burgoyne surrender, a treaty with France seemed
to the British Ministry more near and more probable; your Commissioners,
therefore, were continually sounded, indirectly, as to their dispositions for
reconciliation. About this time Mr. Lee Secretary went to and from London,
charged with affairs which were secret to your other Commissioners. Conjectures
were formed, it is true, and with the more reason as Mr. Lee was dragged into
the treaty with the utmost reluctance. It was agreed that this important matter
should be kept a profound secret, yet a few days from the signing, it was
pointedly declared in the House of Commons by the Hon. Charles Fox, Esq; the
friend of Lord Shelburne; this gave additional weight to the other
circumstances. Add to this, that the attention of Doctor Franklin and myself to
your service, gave rise to many bickerings and disputes between Mr. Lee and us;
the consequence was, that insinuations and misrepresentations, to my
disadvantage, were transmitted across the Atlantic, and stored up here for
purposes which will hereafter appear. On the fourth day of March I received in
a cover, from one of the Committee of foreign correspondence, the following
Resolution (Journals of the Continental Congress, Recall of Silas Deane,
December 8, 1777). <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title="">[51]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn51" name="_ednref51" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="cm79" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I am your friend and countryman, and I can say with truth
and with pride your faithful servant, <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">S. DEAN. Philadelphia, November, 1778.” <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn52" name="_ednref52" title="">[52]</a></span></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens was incensed over Dean’s
proclamation writing Rawlin Lowndes: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">"I had antecedently to the
appearance of Mr. Deane's insult been exceedingly chagrined at the tame
submission of the Great representative of the United States to the most gross
affronts." <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title="">[53]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn53" name="_ednref53" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 13.4pt; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm83" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEialioyxIAb7nq9wn5vCcWE9kFICJo6yIQ8if6V8tAf6qzqCpXWqGZgVKKffz35XUhjL9b8JfbxRfUOI6vY7yHhWaWVlIeihD1fIqF3kd_j6cOAVzlGLzq0IwFfbKjJVYhXZmDf3wXQ2yh4/s1600/NCHC+Citizenship+PITP+Independence+Hall+2nd+Floor+Exhibit.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="1021" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEialioyxIAb7nq9wn5vCcWE9kFICJo6yIQ8if6V8tAf6qzqCpXWqGZgVKKffz35XUhjL9b8JfbxRfUOI6vY7yHhWaWVlIeihD1fIqF3kd_j6cOAVzlGLzq0IwFfbKjJVYhXZmDf3wXQ2yh4/s640/NCHC+Citizenship+PITP+Independence+Hall+2nd+Floor+Exhibit.png" title="NCHC Partners in the Park Student primary source exhibit on the second floor of Independence Hall flanked by the National Collegiate Honor’s Council Partners in the Park Independence Hall Class of 2017. The primary sources exhibited include an original 1781 Journals of Congress open to the Articles of Confederation, Owen Biddle's 1779 resignation as United States Lottery Manager, US National Lottery ticket 3rd Class, USCA President Elias Boudinot letter to General Arthur St. Clair regarding the Army mutiny that forced Congress to flee Philadelphia to Princeton, Pennsylvania vs Connecticut 1782 decision manuscript, 1774 Journals of Congress and a 1781 USCA President Thomas McKean letter signed. – For more information visit our National Park and NCHC Partners in the Park Class of 2017 website" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">NCHC
Partners in the Park Student primary source exhibit on the second floor of
Independence Hall flanked by the National Collegiate Honor’s Council Partners
in the Park Independence Hall Class of 2017. The primary sources exhibited
include an original 1781 Journals of Congress open to the </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.articlesofconfederation.com/">Articles of Confederation</a>, Owen Biddle's
1779 resignation as United States Lottery Manager, U.S. National Lottery ticket
3rd Class, <a href="http://www.henrylaurens.com/" target="_blank">Henry Laurens</a> signed Military Commission as President, USCA<a href="http://www.eliasboudinot.com/"> President
Elias Boudinot</a> letter to General <a href="http://www.arthurstclair.com/">Arthur St. Clair</a> regarding the
Army mutiny that forced Congress to flee Philadelphia to Princeton,
Pennsylvania vs Connecticut 1782 decision manuscript, <a href="http://www.articlesofassociation.us/">1774 Journals of Congress</a> and a 1781
USCA President <a href="http://www.thomasmckean.com/">Thomas McKean </a>letter signed. –
For more information visit our <a href="http://www.historic.us/p/nchc-partners-in-park.html">National Park and NCHC Partners in the Park Class of 2017
website</a><o:p></o:p></span></blockquote>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQcwO2wO0DH1ICFqkZ4Hh9rxspBpUltLRZk5ggYvM4h1etorG-l-EPO3pPB20wiPOwLZ_DKD45BxPhyphenhypheneIQ2yt71cx2yLOpDiWN7EPX0CUCF-s8TLfbNHiJWjsoTgWmuw2MXPH53Pa7kJ86/s1600/Laurens+Thomson+Military+Commission.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" border="0" data-original-height="1005" data-original-width="1600" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQcwO2wO0DH1ICFqkZ4Hh9rxspBpUltLRZk5ggYvM4h1etorG-l-EPO3pPB20wiPOwLZ_DKD45BxPhyphenhypheneIQ2yt71cx2yLOpDiWN7EPX0CUCF-s8TLfbNHiJWjsoTgWmuw2MXPH53Pa7kJ86/s640/Laurens+Thomson+Military+Commission.jpg" title="A document signed "Henry Laurens" as President of Congress, on fine-laid, watermarked paper, no date (c. 1777-78), no place (Philadelphia or York, PA). The 8" x 13" military commission is also countersigned by Charles Thomson, as Secretary of the U.S. Continental Congress. The document is an unengrossed military commission "in the Army of the United States, raised for the Defence of American Liberty, and for repelling every hostile Invasion thereof...." and was issued "In Congress" by the delegates of the thirteen original colonies. Signatures are clear and dark, and the paper is nicely toned, with small edge splits along and two vertical folds dating from the term of the Laurens Presidency, November 1, 1777 to December 9, 1778. - Primary source courtesy of the Historic.us Collection" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">A document signed "<a href="http://www.henrylaurens.com/" target="_blank">Henry Laurens</a>" as President of Congress, on fine-laid, watermarked paper, no date (c. 1777-78), no place (Philadelphia or York, PA). The 8" x 13" military commission is also countersigned by <a href="http://www.charlesthomson.com/" target="_blank">Charles Thomson</a>, as Secretary of the U.S. Continental Congress. The document is an unengrossed military commission "in the Army of the United States, raised for the Defence of American Liberty, and for repelling every hostile Invasion thereof...." and was issued "In Congress" by the delegates of the thirteen original colonies. Signatures are clear and dark, and the paper is nicely toned, with small edge splits along and two vertical folds dating from the term of the Laurens Presidency, November 1, 1777 to December 9, 1778. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Primary source courtesy of the </span><a href="http://www.historic.us/" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Historic.us Collection</span></a></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">On December 8th </span><a href="http://francislightfootlee.com/" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, in another
public display of airing the dirty laundry of Congressional business, published
this letter in the </span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif;">Pennsylvania Packett.</i></div>
</div>
<div class="cm83" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">To the candid and impartial PUBLIC.
MR. Silas Deane having in his Address, in Mr. Dunlaplast paper, thrown many dishonorable
reflections on several persons highly trusted by America, and too far distant
to answer for themselves, I think I but justice to those injured characters, to
request that you will suspend your judgments, until the matter is fully
investigated by those whose immediate business it is, and who are most likely
to be possessed of the means to establish the truth, when, no doubt, all the
parties will receive their due, whether of reward or punishment, and the public
good be secured. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In the mean time I hope you will take
a view of the several characters, from the commencement of the present contest
with Great Britain; the part they have acted; what they have sacrificed; and
what were their probable prospects; and then I am sure you will agree with me,
that the narrative is void of probability, and ought to be supported with much
better evidence than insinuations innuendoes, and bare assertions. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">AS to the decency of the performance
with respect to that Body, to which America must always owe it safety and
happiness, I leave it to those whom it may concern. And the real friends to the
independency of America will determine on the propriety of such a publication,
in the present situation of our affairs. For my own part, I so reverence the
Representatives of the People, and have so warm a concern for the public
welfare, that I had much rather my nearest connections should suffer a
temporary injustice, than offend the one, or in the least injure the other. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I too, most sincerely wish you to be
on your guard. Trust not professions; hear both sides, and judge from well
attested facts”.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title="">[54]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn54" name="_ednref54" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Henry Laurens took Dean’s criticisms personally.
Stepping down from his chair as President he moved that a committee be
appointed to report upon Deane's article. In the meantime he requested that
congress refuse Deane further audience until hearing of that committee
conclusion. Laurens was seeking what Congress now calls censure of Silas
Deane. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Congress, who in the earlier months
decided not to recall Arthur Lee to confront Deane, wanted to avoid further
public examination. An amendment was proposed that Deane's printed letter
be read on the floor of Congress. The Delegates voted it down. Laurens original
motion calling for <i>“censure”</i> was then quashed by calling for the order
of the day. Henry Laurens was livid. The Congress refused to call Deane
to account for his public criticism of Laurens and the delegates. The President
wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Failing to rouse Congress to the
vindication of their honor, I felt for my own and resolve to descend from the
chair to the floor, where I could be of the most real service to my country.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title="">[55]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn55" name="_ednref55" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span>
</span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Two Days later on December 9th 1778
President Laurens arose from his chair immediately after the house came to
order and in a carefully written speech reviewed the circumstances <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Gentlemen: Ever jealous for the
Dignity of Congress, and prompted by a sense of Duty, I had the honor on Monday
of laying before the House informations which I had received from Citizens of
respectable characters, that a certain Letter, signed S. Deane, and addressed
to the Citizens of America at large, published in the Pennsylvania Packet of
Saturday the 5th inst., which I presumed every Member had read, had created
anxieties in the minds of the good People of this City, and excited tumults
amongst themthat having received such Information, I had carefully perused the
Letter, and found it to contain articles highly derogatory to the honor and
interests of these United States. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">That I could not be suspected of
having prejudices, or of being engaged in any intrigue or Cabal against Mr.
Deane, since, I could declare upon my honor that no Gentleman on the floor knew
so much of my sentiments respecting Mr. Deane's public character as I had
communicated to that Gentleman himself that seeing Mr. Deane had made his
appeal to the People and had intimated a design of giving them a course of
Letters, it was evident he did not mean to depart from America so suddenly as
he had lately declared to this House. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">That from these considerations I held
it dishonorable to Congress to hear him the following evening, and thereupon I
humbly moved the House to appoint a Committee of three, to consider and report
specially upon the contents of the letter above mentioned that in the meantime
Mr. Deane be informed that Congress will give him further notice when they
desire to hear him in the House. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">This motion was seconded by many voices
an amendment was offered by an honorable Gentleman’ that the printed Letter be
read,' which being put to question, passed in the negative by a majority of one
State. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I then renewed my motion, founded upon
common fame and my own certain knowledge of facts this was over ruled by
calling for the Order of the Day, for which a single voice, you know Gentlemen,
is sufficient, and from that time the motion has remained neglected. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I feel upon this occasion, not for any
disappointment to myself, but for the honor and dignity of this House, the
great Representative of an infant Empire, upon whose conduct the Eyes of Europe
are fixed. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I have, from the moment in which my
motion was quashed, seriously and almost constantly reflected on the above
recited circumstances, and have again attentively considered Mr. Deane's
Address to the People. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I see no cause to regret my conduct on
Monday, and I am confirmed in my opinion that the Address contains groundless
and unwarrantable insinuations and intimations respecting the conduct of this
House. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Mr. Deane has never offered to this
House a narrative in writing of his proceedings in France in his character of
Commercial and Political Agent, nor hath he, even to this day produced proper
Accounts and Vouchers of his Expenditure of Public Money. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm85" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He was notified on the 3d inst. by
your President, that Congress had resolved to take into consideration, as on
that evening, the state of their foreign affairs; and that such branches as he
had been particularly concerned in, would, in due time, become subjects of
their deliberation. In a Letter of the 4th he 'thanked Congress for that
intimation.' </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">In the same letter he informed them
'that he had prepared to leave this City, and had made his arrangements
accordingly, which it would not be in his power to dispense with for any time,'
and yet on the 5th he published an Address to the free and virtuous Citizens of
America, in which he complains that the Ears of their Representatives had been
shut against him, and tacitly promises them a course of Letters. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm2" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He informs the Public that he had been
sacrificed for the aggrandizement of others. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm14" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He charges one of your Commissioners
with such improper conduct in his public <i>character as amounts, in my Ideas,
to high Crimes.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm14" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><i><br /></i></span></div>
<div class="cm14" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He avers that the same Commissioner
had been suspected by their best friends abroad, and those in important
Characters and stations, although he had given Congress no such information in
writing, which he ought to have done, even long before he commenced his Voyage
from France. He insinuated that the same Commissioner had been improperly
forced upon him. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm14" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He sets up a charge against another of
your Commissioners for a species of peculation and other malversation of
conduct, which, if true, it was his duty long ago to have exhibited to
Congress. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">He arraigns the justice and the wisdom
of Congress. He charges and questions the conduct of an honorable Member of
this House, out of the House, and holds him up to the Public in a criminal
light, which ought not to have been done before he had lodged a complaint in
Congress, and had failed of their attention. His publication is a sacrifice of
the Peace and good Order of these States to personal resentment: and so far as
it regards Congress, it is groundless and unwarrantable; wherefore, be the
remainder false or true, it is, in my humble opinion, a pernicious and
unprovoked Libel, affrontive to the Majesty of the People. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I am neither a Volunteer advocate for
the private Characters stricturized in Mr. Deane's paper, nor an Enemy to Mr.
Deane. In a word, I view the performance in question as an Act unbecoming the
character of a Public servant altogether unnecessary, and tending to excite
fears and jealousies in the minds of those free and virtuous Citizens of
America, to whom Mr. Deane has addressed himself, and also to draw the conduct
of Congress into suspicion and contempt and I still hold my opinion that it was
the duty of this House to take the Address into consideration before they
admitted the Author to a further hearing. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm83" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Nevertheless Congress were pleased to
adhere to a Resolve passed on Saturday subsequently to the open appearance of
that unnecessary and insulting publication, for hearing him in writing,
contrary to a Resolution of the fifteenth day of August last, which was obtained
at that time after much debate by the reasonings and Votes of Gentlemen who had
interested themselves strongly in his favor, and from motives assigned which
cannot be effaced from the remembrance of those Gentlemen who were then present
and time is now given to Mr. Deane for preparing a detail of his transactions,
which, if I understand anything of Public business ought to have been completed
and ready for presentation before he landed on the American Shore. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm83" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I feel my own honor, and much more
forcibly the honor of the Public deeply wounded by Mr. Deane's address,* and I
am persuaded that it will hold out such encouragement to our Enemies to
continue their persecution, as will, in its consequences, be more detrimental
to our Cause than the loss of a Battle. Mr. Deane has not contented himself
with the scope of Dunlap's Newspaper, he has caused his address to be printed
in a thousand Hand Bills these will afford a sufficient number for penetrating
the remotest part of our Union, and enough for the service of our Enemies. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I know that what I am about to do will
give a transient pleasure to our Enemies, knowledge derived from a circumstance
which induced me to continue in this Chair after the 31st day of October last,
more strongly induced me than that unanimous request of this House, which I was
then honored with. There are Gentlemen upon this floor who are well acquainted
with the circumstance alluded tout Gentlemen, their satisfaction will indeed be
transitory, for I here again solemnly declare, and they will soon learn it,
that I am determined to continue a faithful and diligent laborer in the Cause
of my Country, and at the hazard of Life, fortune and domestic happiness, to
contribute, by every means in my power to the perfect establishment of our
Independence. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I shall have less cause to regret the
carrying my intended purpose into effect, foreseeing that you may immediately
fill with advantage, the vacancy which will presently happen.</span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">I shall hold myself particularly
answerable to my constituents for my present conduct, and in general to all my
fellow Citizens throughout these States, when properly questioned. </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Finally, gentleman, from the
considerations above mentioned, as I cannot consistently with my own honor, nor
with utility to my country, considering the manner in which Business is
transacted here, remain any longer in this chair, I now resign it. <span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title="">[56]</a></span></b></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn56" name="_ednref56" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span></span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><br /></b></span></span></span></i></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">His resignation from the Presidency
was quite dramatic, with Laurens hoping that the lengthy <i>"farewell
address" </i>would inspire his fellow delegates to rise and demand he
remain in office. Instead Congress elected John Jay, who Henry Laurens
considered a political rival to the Presidency. It was a defeat that was
sufficiently painful as evidence by a July 17, 1779 letter to John Laurens:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"> … tell my friends they will find, that my
resignation on the 9th of December was, as I then said to them, the greatest
act of </span></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">my life.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title="">[57]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Stan/Desktop/FF%20Web/Henry%20Laurens.docx#_edn57" name="_ednref57" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm80" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="cm1" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Deane was eventually compelled to
return to Europe to procure the requisite papers to prove his innocence. There
he found that the publication of certain of his private dispatches had
embittered the French government against him not allowing him access to the
necessary evidence. Deane, without proof, decided to retire to Holland. After
the war he took up residence in England. Deane died in great poverty, estranged
from his native land and feeling that he had been unjustly dealt with by the
Continental Congress. In 1842 Congress vindicated his memory by deciding that a
considerable sum of money was due him, and directed its payment to his heirs. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="cm1" style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 0in;"> </span></div>
<strong style="font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><a href="https://www.henrylaurens.com/p/president-henry-laurens-jailed.html" target="_blank">Biography Continues Click Here</a></i></span></strong><br />
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<strong style="color: #660000; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;">The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America </strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents</b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></div>
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Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Peyton Randolph</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 5, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 22, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://henrymiddleton.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Henry Middleton</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 22, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 26, 1774<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Peyton Randolph</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">May 20, 1775<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">May 24, 1775<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">May 25, 1775<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 1, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">
<span style="color: #660000; font-size: medium;"><b>Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America</b></span></div>
<span style="color: #e06666; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium;">
<b>George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783</b><br />
<b><br /></b><b><br /></b></div>
</div>
<br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Continental Congress of the United States Presidents </span></b><br />
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781<br />
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 533px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 2, 1776<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">October 29, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://henrylaurens.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Henry Laurens</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 1, 1777<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">December 9, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnjay.net/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Jay</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">December 10, 1778<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 28, 1779<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 129.85pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Huntington</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 2in;" valign="top" width="192"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">September 29, 1779<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">February 28, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: start;">
<div align="center" class="defaultcharCxSpFirst" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: -9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="defaultcharCxSpMiddle" style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px; margin-left: -9pt;">
<b><span style="color: #cc0000;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled</span></b><br />
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789</div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20px;">
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightShadingAccent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 518px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Huntington</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">March 1, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top: 1pt solid rgb(79, 129, 189); height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 6, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://samueljohnston.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Samuel Johnston</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 10, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">Declined Office<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://thomasmckean.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Thomas McKean</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">July 10, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 4, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhanson.net/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hanson</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 5, 1781<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 3, 1782<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://eliasboudinot.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Elias Boudinot</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 4, 1782<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 2, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Thomas Mifflin</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 3, 1783<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">June 3, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://richardhenrylee.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">Richard Henry Lee</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 30, 1784<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 22, 1785<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/" style="color: #6666cc;">John Hancock</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">November 23, 1785<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">June 5, 1786<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://nathanielgorham.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Nathaniel Gorham</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">June 6, 1786<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">February 1, 1787</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 123.3pt;" valign="top" width="164"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://arthurstclair.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Arthur St. Clair</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">February 2, 1787<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background-color: #d3dfee; border: none; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 139.5pt;" valign="top" width="186"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 17px; text-align: center; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">January 21, 1788</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><a href="http://cyrusgriffin.com/" style="color: #6666cc;">Cyrus Griffin</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 21px;">January 22, 1788<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 21px;">January 21, 1789</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Presidents of the United States of America</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial narrow" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party </span></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://georgewashington.us/"><span style="color: blue;">George Washington (I)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/jefferson-davis.html"><span style="color: blue;">Jefferson Davis (D)*</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://franklindroosevelt.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1789-1797)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1933-1945)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://andrewjohnson.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Andrew Johnson (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.johnadams.us/"><span style="color: blue;">John Adams (F)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1865-1869)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://harrytruman.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Harry S. Truman (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1797-1801)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1945-1953)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://ulyssessgrant.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Ulysses S. Grant (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.thomasjefferson.us/"><span style="color: blue;">Thomas Jefferson (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1869-1877)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://dwighteisenhower.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1801-1809)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1953-1961)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/rutherford-hayes.html"><span style="color: blue;">Rutherford B. Hayes R</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.jamesmadison.us/"><span style="color: blue;">James Madison (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (1877-1881)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://johnfkennedy.org/"><span style="color: blue;">John F. Kennedy (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1809-1817)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1961-1963)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/james-garfield.html"><span style="color: blue;">James A. Garfield (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.jamesmonroe.net/"><span style="color: blue;">James Monroe (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"> (1881 - 1881)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/lyndon-johnson.html"><span style="color: blue;">Lyndon B. Johnson (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1817-1825)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1963-1969)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/chester-arthur.html"><span style="color: blue;">Chester Arthur (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.johnqadams.org/"><span style="color: blue;">John Quincy Adams (R*)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1881-1885)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://richardnixon.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Richard M. Nixon (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1825-1829)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1969-1974)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue;">Grover Cleveland (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.andrewjackson.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Andrew Jackson (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1885-1889)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://geraldrford.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Gerald R. Ford (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1829-1837)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1973-1974)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://benjaminharrison.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Benjamin Harrison (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/martin-van-buren.html"><span style="color: blue;">Martin Van Buren (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1889-1893)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-clinton.html"><span style="color: blue;">James E. Carter, Jr. (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1837-1841)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1977-1981)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue;">Grover Cleveland (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-henry-harrison.html"><span style="color: blue;">William H. Harrison (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1893-1897)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/ronald-reagan.html"><span style="color: blue;">Ronald W. Reagan (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1841-1841)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1981-1989)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://williammckinley.org/"><span style="color: blue;">William McKinley (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/john-tyler.html"><span style="color: blue;">John Tyler (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1897-1901)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/george-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue;">George H. W. Bush (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1841-1845)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1989-1993)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://theodoreroosevelt.net/"><span style="color: blue;">Theodore Roosevelt (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://jameskpolk.org/"><span style="color: blue;">James K. Polk (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1901-1909)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-clinton.html"><span style="color: blue;">William J. Clinton (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1845-1849)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1993-2001)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://williamhtaft.org/"><span style="color: blue;">William H. Taft (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/zachary-taylor.html"><span style="color: blue;">Zachary Taylor (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1909-1913)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/george-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue;">George W. Bush (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1849-1850)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2001-2009)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/woodrow-wilson.html"><span style="color: blue;">Wilson Woodrow (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://millardfillmore.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Millard Fillmore (W)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1913-1921)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/barack-obama.html"><span style="color: blue;">Barack H. Obama (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1850-1853)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(2009-2017)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/warren-harding.html"><span style="color: blue;">Warren G. Harding ®</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/franklin-pierce.html"><span style="color: blue;">Franklin Pierce (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1921-1923)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/donald-j-trump.html"><span style="color: blue;">Donald J. Trump (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1853-1857)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(20017-Present)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://calvincoolidge.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Calvin Coolidge (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://jamesbuchanan.org/"><span style="color: blue;">James Buchanan (D)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1923-1929)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">*Confederate States of America<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1857-1861)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://herberthoover.org/"><span style="color: blue;">Herbert C. Hoover (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;"><a href="http://abrahamlincoln.us/"><span style="color: blue;">Abraham Lincoln (R)</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1929-1933)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 14pt;">(1861-1865)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Chart Comparing Presidential Powers</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></b></b><b style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>- <a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/presidential-powers.html" target="_blank">Click Here</a></b></span></span></b><br />
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<b style="text-align: start;"><b><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; line-height: 33.7333px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">United Colonies and States First Ladies</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></b></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 27.6px;">1774-1788<o:p></o:p></span></b></b></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">United Colonies Continental Congress<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">18<sup>th</sup> Century Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.peytonrandolph.com/p/betty-randolph.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1745-1783)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Peyton Randolph</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">09/05/74 – 10/22/74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.henrymiddleton.com/p/mary-baker-middleton.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Mary Williams Middleton</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1741- 1761) Deceased<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Henry Middleton<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">10/22–26/74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.peytonrandolph.com/p/betty-randolph.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1745–1783)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://peytonrandolph.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Peyton Randolph</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/p/dorothy-quincy-hancock-dorothy-quincy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1830)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Hancock</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">05/25/75 – 07/01/76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15pt;"><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 237.9pt;" valign="top" width="317"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 100pt;" valign="top" width="133"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"></td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 0.75in;" valign="top" width="72"></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">United States Continental Congress<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/p/dorothy-quincy-hancock-dorothy-quincy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1830)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Hancock</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">07/02/76 – 10/29/77<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.henrylaurens.com/p/eleanor-laurens.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Ball Laurens</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1731- 1770) Deceased<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Henry Laurens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/01/77 – 12/09/78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.sarahlivingstonjay.org/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Livingston Jay</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1756-1802)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnjay.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Jay</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.samuelhuntington.org/p/martha-huntington.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Martha Huntington</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1738/39–1794)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Samuel Huntington</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">09/29/79 – 02/28/81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">United States in Congress Assembled<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Term<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.samuelhuntington.org/p/martha-huntington.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Martha Huntington</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1738/39–1794)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://samuelhuntington.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Samuel Huntington</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">03/01/81 – 07/06/81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomasmckean.com/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Armitage McKean </span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1756-1820)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://thomasmckean.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Thomas McKean</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">07/10/81 – 11/04/81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhanson.net/p/jane-hanson.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Jane Contee Hanson</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1726-1812)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhanson.net/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Hanson</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/05/81 - 11/03/82<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.eliasboudinot.com/p/hannah-stockton-boudinot-was-born-21.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Hannah Stockton Boudinot</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1736-1808)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://eliasboudinot.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Elias Boudinot</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/03/82 - 11/02/83<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomasmifflin.com/p/sarah-morris-mifflin.html"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Morris Mifflin</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1790)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://thomasmifflin.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Thomas Mifflin</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/03/83 - 11/02/84<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.richardhenrylee.org/p/anne-lee.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1738-1796)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://richardhenrylee.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Richard Henry Lee</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/20/84 - 11/19/85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnhancock.org/p/dorothy-quincy-hancock-dorothy-quincy.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1747-1830)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnhancock.org/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Hancock</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">11/23/85 – 06/06/86<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.nathanielgorham.com/p/rebecca-call-was-born-to-caleb-vall.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Rebecca Call Gorham</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1744-1812)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://nathanielgorham.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Nathaniel Gorham</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">06/06/86 - 02/01/87<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.arthurstclair.com/p/phoebe-bayard-st-clair.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Phoebe Bayard St. Clair</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1743-1818)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://arthurstclair.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Arthur St. Clair</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">02/02/87 - 01/21/88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.cyrusgriffin.com/p/ladychristina-stuart-daughter-of-6th.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Christina Stuart Griffin</span></a></span></b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> (1751-1807)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://cyrusgriffin.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Cyrus Griffin</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 122pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">01/22/88 - 01/29/89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Constitution of 1787</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br />First Ladies<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">President<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Term<span style="color: #7b0f19;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #7b0f19; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">Age<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.marthawashington.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Martha Washington</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://georgewashington.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George Washington </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">57<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.abigailadams.us/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Abigail Adams</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnadams.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Adams</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://thomasjefferson.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Thomas Jefferson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.dolleymadison.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Dolley Madison</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesmadison.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Madison </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.elizabethmonroe.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Monroe</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesmonroe.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Monroe</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnqadams.org/p/louisa-catherine-johnson-adams-born.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Louisa Adams</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnqadams.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Quincy Adams</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.andrewjackson.org/p/jackson-rachel-born-in-1767-died-at.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;"> Rachel Jackson Deceased</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://andrewjackson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Andrew Jackson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">December 22, 1828 (aged 61)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/martin-van-buren.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Hannah Van Buren Deceased</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/martin-van-buren.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Martin Van Buren</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">February 5, 1819 (aged 35)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/william-henry-harrison.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Anna Harrison</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-henry-harrison.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William H. Harrison</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/john-tyler.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Letitia Tyler</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/john-tyler.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Tyler</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/john-tyler.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Julia Tyler</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/john-tyler.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John Tyler</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.jameskpolk.org/p/sarah-polk.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Sarah Polk</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jameskpolk.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James K. Polk</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/zachary-taylor.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Margaret Taylor</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/zachary-taylor.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Zachary Taylor</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.millardfillmore.org/p/abigail-powers-fillmore-march-13-1798.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Abigail Fillmore</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://millardfillmore.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Millard Fillmore</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/franklin-pierce.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Jane Means Pierce</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/franklin-pierce.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Franklin Pierce</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.jamesbuchanan.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lifelong Bachelor</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesbuchanan.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Buchanan</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.abrahamlincoln.us/p/mary-todd-was-carefully-educated-in.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Mary Todd Lincoln</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://abrahamlincoln.us/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Abraham Lincoln </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">42<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/jefferson-davis.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Varina Davis</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">*<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/jefferson-davis.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Jefferson Davis*</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.andrewjohnson.org/p/his-wife-eliza-mccardle-johnson-born-in.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eliza McCardle Johnson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://andrewjohnson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Andrew Johnson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.ulyssessgrant.org/p/julia-grant-julia-dent-grant-born-in-st.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Julia Boggs Dent Grant</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://ulyssessgrant.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ulysses S. Grant </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/rutherford-hayes.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lucy Ware Webb Hayes</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/rutherford-hayes.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Rutherford B. Hayes</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/james-garfield.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lucretia Rudolph Garfield</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/james-garfield.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James A. Garfield</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/chester-arthur.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/chester-arthur.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Chester Arthur </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">n/a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/grover-cleveland.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Frances Folsom Cleveland</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Grover Cleveland</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.benjaminharrison.org/p/caroline-lavinia-scott-harrison-was.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Caroline Scott Harrison</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.benjaminharrison.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Benjamin Harrison</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/grover-cleveland.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Frances Folsom Cleveland</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/grover-cleveland.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Grover Cleveland </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.williammckinley.org/p/ida-saxton-mckinley-june-8-1847-may-26.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Ida Saxton McKinley</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://williammckinley.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William McKinley</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.theodoreroosevelt.net/p/edith-kermit-carow-roosevelt.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://theodoreroosevelt.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Theodore Roosevelt</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.williamhtaft.org/p/helen-herron-taft.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Helen Louise Herron Taft</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://williamhtaft.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William H. Taft </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">47<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/p/ellen-axson-wilson.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Ellen Axson Wilson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Woodrow Wilson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/p/edith-wilson.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Edith Bolling Galt Wilson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.thomaswoodrowwilson.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Woodrow Wilson</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/warren-harding.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Florence Mabel King Harding</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/warren-harding.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Warren G. Harding </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.calvincoolidge.org/p/grace-anna-goodhue-coolidge.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.calvincoolidge.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Calvin Coolidge</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.herberthoover.org/p/lou-henry-hoover.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Lou Henry Hoover</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://herberthoover.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Herbert C. Hoover</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.eleanorroosevelt.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Roosevelt</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.franklindroosevelt.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">48<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.harrytruman.org/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Virginia "Bess" Truman</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://harrytruman.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Harry S. Truman</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.dwighteisenhower.org/p/marie-doud-geneva-eisenhower-1896-1979.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://dwighteisenhower.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Dwight D. Eisenhower</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.johnfkennedy.org/p/jacqueline-bouvier-kennedy.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://johnfkennedy.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">John F. Kennedy</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/lyndon-johnson.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Claudia Alta Taylor "Lady Bird" Johnson</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/lyndon-johnson.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Lyndon B. Johnson </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.richardnixon.org/p/patricia-ryan-nixon-born-thelma.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://richardnixon.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Richard M. Nixon </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.geraldrford.org/p/betty.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Elizabeth Ann "Betty" Ford</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://geraldrford.org/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Gerald R. Ford </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.jamesecarter.net/p/eleanor-rosalynn-smith-carter.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Eleanor Rosalynn Carter</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://jamesecarter.net/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">James Earl Carter, Jr. </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/ronald-reagan.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Nancy Davis Reagan</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/ronald-reagan.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Ronald Wilson Reagan </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">59<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/george-h-w-bush.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Barbara Pierce Bush</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/george-h-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George H. W. Bush</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">63<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/william-clinton.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/william-clinton.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">William Jefferson Clinton</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/george-w-bush.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Laura Lane Welch Bush</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/george-w-bush.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">George W. Bush </span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">54<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://www.uspresidency.com/p/barack-obama.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;">Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama</span></a></span></b><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 124pt;" valign="top" width="165"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #31849b;"><a href="http://unitedstaespresidency.blogspot.com/p/barack-obama.html"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Barack H. Obama</span></a></span><u><span style="color: blue; font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
</td><td nowrap="" style="background: rgb(210, 234, 241); border-bottom: 1pt solid rgb(75, 172, 198); border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; height: 15pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 172.95pt;" valign="top" width="231"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px 0px 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 9pt;">January 20, 2009 to date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America</span></b><br />
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_36.html" target="_blank">City Tavern</a> & <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_97.html" target="_blank">Carpenter’s Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_26.html" target="_blank">Pennsylvania State House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Baltimore</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_38.html" target="_blank">Henry Fite’s House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_26.html" target="_blank">Pennsylvania State House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Lancaster</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">September 27, 1777</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_16.html" target="_blank">Lancaster Court House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">York</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_44.html" target="_blank">York-town Court House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/college-hall.html" target="_blank">College Hall</a> - <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_26.html" target="_blank">PA State House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Princeton</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/prospect-house.html" target="_blank">Prospect House</a> - <a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/nassau-hall-princeton-n.html" target="_blank">Nassau Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Annapolis</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page_8.html" target="_blank">Maryland, State House</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Trenton</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/blog-page.html" target="_blank">French Arms Tavern</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">New York City</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/new-york-city-hall.html" target="_blank">New York City Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">New York City</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/walter-livingston-house.html" style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 13.3333px;" target="_blank">Walter Livingston House</a></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">New York City</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/federal.html" target="_blank">Federal Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Philadelphia</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/congress-hall.html" target="_blank">Congress Hall</a></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">Washington DC</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;">November 17,1800 to Present</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.unitedstatescapitals.org/p/us-capitol-building.html" target="_blank">Two US Capitol Buildings</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Book a primary source exhibit and a professional speaker for your next event by contacting Historic.us today. Our Clients include many Fortune 500 companies, associations, non-profits, colleges, universities, national conventions, PR and advertising agencies. As a leading national exhibitor of primary sources, many of our clients have benefited from our historic displays that are designed to entertain and educate your target audience. <a href="mailto:Stan@Historic.us">Contact us</a> to learn how you can join our "roster" of satisfied clientele today!</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 36pt; line-height: 20.79px;"><b>Historic.us</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /> </span>A Non-profit Corporation</div>
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<b><span style="color: #990000; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 22pt;">Primary Source Exhibits</span></b></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;">727-771-1776 | Exhibit Inquiries</b></div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b><b style="font-size: x-large;">202-239-1774 | Office</b><br />
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<span style="color: #333333;"><b><br /></b></span><b><span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Principals</i></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Naomi@Historic.us</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Stan@Historic.us</b></span></div>
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<b style="font-family: georgia, "times new roman", serif; font-size: large; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="color: #333333;">P</span>rimary Source exhibits are available for display in your community. The costs range from $1,000 to $35,000 depending on length of time on loan and the rarity of artifacts chosen. </i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Website: <a href="http://www.historic.us/" style="color: #4d469c;" target="_blank">www.Historic.us</a></b></span><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZmKY3lQTbZGl9OYibvRE4KVOf_SEdpup8YRt2szxECMw-gQF-6RBNrKKd6xWERHJcUc9nYNLXt19dXRT_uxDFZzivBngUxymArFUhNTpBWSJEQuuRpDqmK0OvHpjO4fM1xm1G9DLi8Aym/s1600/Merryday+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #3244ff; font-family: "times new roman"; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" border="0" height="243" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZmKY3lQTbZGl9OYibvRE4KVOf_SEdpup8YRt2szxECMw-gQF-6RBNrKKd6xWERHJcUc9nYNLXt19dXRT_uxDFZzivBngUxymArFUhNTpBWSJEQuuRpDqmK0OvHpjO4fM1xm1G9DLi8Aym/s640/Merryday+2.jpg" style="border: none; position: relative;" title="“The plaintiff’s wish to correct what he regards as a widespread misconception about those who served the nation under the Articles of Confederation is laudable.” – Steven D. Merryday, Chief United States District Judge --- Stanley Klos, Plaintiff, Appellant v. Henry M. Paulson, Jr., Secretary of the Treasury, Defendant, Appellee." width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;"><b style="font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, freesans, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #990000;">U.S. Dollar Presidential Coin Mr. Klos vs Secretary Paulson</span> - </span><a href="http://www.coinact.us/p/in-united-states-court-of-appeals-filed_2452.html" style="color: #2e2e8a; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Click Here</a></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 18pt; font-weight: 700;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">The United Colonies of North America Continental Congress Presidents (1774-1776)</span><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 36px;"><br />The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)<br />The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)<br />The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial narrow"; font-size: 16pt;"><a href="https://www.uspresidency.com/p/complete-list-of-uc-and-us-presidents.html" style="color: blue; text-decoration-line: none;">Click Here for the complete list and links to their biographies</a></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Henry Laurens </span></b><br />
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<strong style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: xx-large; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><a href="https://www.henrylaurens.com/p/president-henry-laurens-jailed.html" target="_blank">Biography Continues Click Here</a></i></span></strong></div>
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Stan Kloshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13178581524052821016noreply@blogger.com0