Franco-American Alliance
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| Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce dual language manuscript signed February 6, 1778 - from the General Records of the United States Government National Archives |
The Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce provided for a military alliance against Great Britain, stipulating that the absolute independence of the United States be recognized as a condition for peace. The treaty also encouraged trade between France and the America, while the Treaty of Alliance and that France would be permitted to conquer the British West Indies.
In 1776, President John Hancock executed the appointment of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee to a diplomatic commission to secure a formal alliance with France. Covert French aide had already been shipped into the colonies soon after the outbreak of hostilities in 1775. It was not until the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga in October 1777 and the passage of the first US Constitution, the Articles of Confederation in November 1777 that the French were persuade to back the United States in a formal treaty.
On February 6, 1778, the treaties of Amity and Commerce and Alliance were signed in Paris. In May 1778 the Continental Congress ratified them with President Henry Laurens and Secretary Charles Thomson endorsements. In June, the war between Britain and France commenced when a British squadron fired on two French ships.
Treaty of Amity and Commerce
The most Christian King, and the thirteen United States of North
America, to wit, New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay Rhode island, Connecticut,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania Delaware, Maryland, Virginia North-Carolina,
South Carolina & Georgia, willing to fix in an equitable and permanent
manner the Rules which ought to be followed relative to the Correspondence
& Commerce which the two Parties desire to establish between their
respective Countries, States, and Subjects, hi most Christian Majesty and the,
said United States have judged that the said End could not b, better obtained
than by taking for the Basis of their Agreement the most perfect Equality and
Reciprocity, and by carefully avoiding all those burthen some Preferences, which
are usually Sources of Debate, Embarrassment and Discontent; by leaving also
each Party at Liberty to make, respecting Commerce and Navigation, those
interior Regulations which it shall find most convenient to itself; and by
founding the Advantage of Commerce solely upon reciprocal Utility, and the just
Rules of free Intercourse; reserving withal to each Party the Liberty of
admitting at its pleasure other Nations to a Participation of the same
Advantages. It is in the Spirit of this Intention, and to fulfill these Views,
that his said Majesty having named and appointed for his Plenipotentiary Conrad
Alexander Gerard, Royal Sindic of the City of Strasbourg,
Secretary of his Majesty's Council of State, and the United States on their
Part, having fully empowered Benjamin Franklin Deputy from the State
of Pennsylvania to the general Congress, and President of the Convention of
said State, Silas Deane late Deputy from the State of Connecticut to
the said Congress, and Arthur Lee Councilor at Law; The said
respective Plenipotentiaries after exchanging their Powers, and after mature
Deliberation, have concluded and agreed upon the following Articles.
ARTICLE 1st
There shall be a firm, inviolable and universal Peace, and a true
and sincere Friendship between the most Christian King, his Heirs and
Successors, and the United States of America; and the Subjects of the most
Christian King and of the said States; and between the Countries, Islands,
Cities, and Towns, situate under the Jurisdiction of the most Christian King,
and of the said United States, and the people and Inhabitants of every Degree,
without exception of Persons or Places; & the Terms herein after mentioned
shall be perpetual between the most Christian King his Heirs and Successors and
the said United States.
The most Christian
King, and the United States engage mutually not to grant any particular Favor
to other Nations in respect of Commerce and Navigation, which shall not
immediately become common to the other Party, who shall enjoy the same Favor
freely, if the Concession was freer made, or on allowing the same Compensation,
if the Concession was Conditional.
The Subjects of the most Christian King shall pay in the Port
Havens, Roads, Countries I lands, Cities or Towns, of the United States or any
of them, no other or greater Duties or Imposts of what Nature so ever they may
be, or by what Name so ever called, than those which the Nations most favored
are or shall be obliged to pay; and they shall enjoy all the Rights, Liberties,
Privileges, Immunities and Exemptions in Trade, Navigation and Commerce,
whether in passing from one Port in the said States to another, or in going to
and from the same, from and to any Part of the World, which the said Nations do
or shall enjoy.
The Subjects, People and Inhabitants of the said United States,
and each of them, shall not pay in the Ports, Havens Roads Isles, Cities &
Places under the Domination of his most Christian Majesty in Europe, any other
or greater Duties or Imposts, of what Nature so ever, they may be, or by what
Name soever called, that those which the most favored Nations are or shall be
obliged to pay; & they shall enjoy all the Rights, Liberties, Privileges,
Immunities & Exemptions, in Trade Navigation and Commerce whether in
passing from one Port in the said Dominions in Europe to another, or in going
to and from the same, from and to any Part of the World, which the said Nation
do or shall enjoy.
In the above Exemption is particularly comprised the Imposition of
100 Sols pr Ton, established in France on foreign Ships; unless when the Ships
of the United States shall load with the Merchandise of France for another Port
of the same Dominion, in which Case the said Ships shall pay the Duty
above mentioned so long as other Nations the most favored shall be obliged to
pay it. But it is understood that the said United States or any of them are at
Liberty when they shall judge it proper, to establish a Duty equivalent in the
same Case.
The most Christian King shall endeavor by all the means in his
Power to protect and defend all Vessels and the Effects belonging to the
Subjects, People or Inhabitants of the said United States, or any of them,
being in his Ports Havens or Roads or on the Sea near to his Countries, Islands
Cities or Towns and to recover and restore to the right owners, their agents or
Attorneys all such Vessel & Effects, which shall be taken within his
Jurisdiction; and the Ships of War of his most Christian Majesty or any Convoys
sailing under his authority shall upon all Occasions take under their
Protection all Vessels belonging to the Subjects, People or Inhabitants of the
said United States, or any of them & holding the same Course or going the
same Way, and shall defend such Vessels, as long as they hold the same Course
or go the same way, against all Attacks, Force and Violence in the same manner,
as they ought to protect and defend the Vessels belonging to the Subjects of
the most Christian King.
In like manner the said United States and their Ships of War sailing
under their Authority shall protect and defend, conformable to the Tenor of the
preceding Article, all the Vessels and Effect belonging to the Subjects of the
most Christian King; and use all their Endeavors to recover cause to be
restored the said Vessels and Effects, that shall have been taken within the
Jurisdiction of the said United State or any of them.
The most Christian King will employ his good Offices and
Interposition with the King or Emperor of Morocco or Fez, the Regencies of Algier,
Tunis and Tripoli, or with any of them, and also with every other Prince, State
or Power of the Coast of Barbary in Africa, and the Subjects of the said King
Emperor, States and Powers, and each of them; in order to provide as fully and
efficaciously as possible for the Benefit, Conveniency and Safety of the said
United States, and each of them, their Subjects, People, and Inhabitants, and
their Vessels and Effects, against all Violence, Insult, Attacks, or
Depredations on the Part of the said Princes and States of Barbary, or their
Subjects.
The Subjects, Inhabitants, Merchants, Commanders of Ships Masters
and Mariners of the States, Provinces, and Dominions of each Party respectively
shall abstain and forbear to fish in all Places possessed or which shall be
possessed by the other Party: The most Christian Kings Subjects shall not fish
in the Havens, Bays, Creeks, Roads Coasts or Places, which the said united
States hold or shall hereafter hold; and in like manner the Subjects, People
and Inhabitants of the said United States shall not fish in the Havens Bays,
Creeks, Roads, Coasts or Places, which the most Christian King possesses or
shall hereafter possess; and if any and if any Ship or Vessel shall be found
fishing contrary to the Tenor of this Treaty, the said Ship or Vessel with its
lading, proof being made thereof, shall be confiscated. It is however
understood, that the Exclusion stipulated in the present Article shall take
place only so long, and so far as the most Christian King or the United States
shall not in this respect have granted an Exemption to some other Nation.
The United States their Citizens and Inhabitants shall never
disturb the Subjects, of the most Christian King in the Enjoyment and Exercise
of the Right of Fishing on the Banks of Newfoundland; nor in the indefinite and
exclusive Right which belongs to them on that Part of the Coast of that Island
which is designed by the Treaty of Utrecht; nor in the Rights relative to all
and each of the Isles which belong to his most Christian Majesty; the whole
conformable to the true Sense of the Treaties of Utrecht and
Paris.
It is agreed and concluded that there shall never be any Duty imposed
on the Exportation of the Mellasses that may be taken by the Subjects of any of
the United States from the Islands of America which belong or may hereafter
appertain to his most Christian Majesty.
In compensation of the Exemption stipulated by the preceding
Article, it is agreed and concluded that there shall never be any Duties
imposed on the Exportation of any kind of Merchandise which the Subjects of his
most Christian Majesty may take from the Countries and Possessions present or
future of any of the thirteen United States, for the Use of the Islands which
shall furnish Mellasses.
The Subjects and Inhabitants of the said United States, or any one
of them, shall not be reputed Aubains in France, & consequently shall be
exempted from the Droit d'Aubaine or other similar Duty under
what name so ever. They may by Testament, Donation, or otherwise dispose of
their Goods movable and immovable in favor of such Persons as to them shall
seem good; and their Heirs, Subjects of the Said United States, residing
whether in France or elsewhere, may succeed them ab intestat,
without being obliged to obtain Letters of Naturalization, and without having
the Effect of this Concession contested or impeded under Pretext of any Rights
or Prerogatives of Provinces, Cities, or Private Persons. And the said Heirs,
whether such by particular Title, or ab intestat, shall be exempt
from all Duty called Droit de Detraction, or other Duty of the same
kind; saving nevertheless, the local Rights or Duties as much and as long as
similar ones are not established by the United States or any of them. The
Subjects of the most Christian fling shall enjoy on their Part, in all the
Dominions of the sd. States, an entire and perfect Reciprocity relative to the
Stipulations contained in the present Article.
But it is at the same Time agreed that its Contents shall not
affect the Laws made or that may be made hereafter in France against
Emigrations, which shall remain in all their Force and Vigour; and the United
States on their Part, or any of them, shall be at Liberty to enact such Laws
relative to that Matter, as to them shall seem proper.
The merchant Ships of either of the Parties, which shall be making
into a Port belonging to the Enemy of the other Ally and concerning whose
Voyage & the Species of Goods on board her there shall be just Grounds of
Suspicion shall be obliged to exhibit as well upon the high Seas as in the
Ports and Havens not only her Passports, but likewise Certificates expressly
strewing that her Goods are not of the Number of those, which have been
prohibited as contraband
If by the exhibiting of the above said Certificates, the other
Party discover there are any of those Sorts of Goods, which are prohibited and
declared contraband and consigned for a Port under the Obedience of his
Enemies, it shall not be lawful to break up the Hatches of such Ship, or to
open any Chest, Coffers, Packs, Casks, or any other Vessels found therein, or
to remove the smallest Parcels of her Goods, whether such Ship belongs to the
Subjects of France or the Inhabitants of the said United States, unless the
lading be brought on Shore in the presence of the Officers of the Court of
Admiralty and an Inventory thereof made; but there shall be no allowance to
sell, exchange, or alienate the same in any manner until after that due and
lawful Process shall have been had against such prohibited Goods and the Court
of Admiralty shall by a Sentence pronounced, have confiscated the same: saving
always as well the Ship itself as any other Goods found therein, which by this
Treaty are to be esteemed free: neither may they be detained on presence of
their being as it were infected by the prohibited Goods, much less shall they
be confiscated as lawful Prize: But if not the whole Cargo, but only part
thereof shall consist of prohibited or contraband Goods and the Commander of
the Ship shall be ready and willing to deliver them to the Captor, who has
discovered them, in such Case the Captor having received those Goods shall
forthwith discharge the Ship and not hinder her by any means freely to
prosecute the Voyage, on which she was bound. But in Case the Contraband Merchandises,
cannot be all received on board the Vessel of the Captor, then the Captor may,
notwithstanding the Offer of delivering him the Contraband Goods, carry the
Vessel into the nearest Port agreeable to what is above directed.
On the contrary it is agreed, that whatever shall be found to be
laden by the Subjects and Inhabitants of either Party on any Ship belonging to
the Enemies of the other or to their Subjects, the whole although it be not of
the Sort of prohibited Goods may be confiscated in the same manner, as if it
belonged to the Enemy, except such Goods and Merchandizes as were put on board
such Ship before the Declaration of War, or even after such Declaration, if so
be it were done without knowledge of such Declaration. So that the Goods of the
Subjects and People of either Party, whether they be of the Nature of such as
are prohibited or otherwise, which, as is aforesaid were put on board any Ship
belonging to an Enemy before the War, or after the Declaration of the same,
without the knowledge of it, shall no ways be liable to confiscation, but shall
well and truly be restored without Delay to the proprietors demanding the
same; but so as that, if the said Merchandizes be contraband, it shall not be
any Ways lawful to carry them afterwards to any Ports belonging to the Enemy.
The two contracting Parties agree, that the Term of two Months being passed
after the Declaration of War, their respective Subjects, from whatever Part of
the World they come, shall not plead the Ignorance mentioned in this Article.
And that more effectual Care may be taken for the Security of the
Subjects and Inhabitants of both Parties, that they suffer no injury by the men
of War or Privateers of the other Party, all the Commanders of the Ships of his
most Christian Majesty & of the said United States and all their Subjects
and Inhabitants shall be forbid doing any Injury or Damage to the other Side;
and if they act to the contrary, they shall be punished and shall moreover be
bound to make Satisfaction for all Matter of Damage, and the Interest thereof,
by reparation, under the Pain and obligation of their Person and Goods.
All Ships and Merchandizes of what Nature soever which shall be
rescued out of the hands of any Pirates or Robbers on the high Seas, shall be
brought into some Port of either State and shall be delivered to the Custody of
the Officers of that Port, in order to be restored entire to the true
Proprietor, as soon as due and sufficient Proof shall be made concerning the
Property thereof.
It shall be lawful for the Ships of War of either Party &
Privateers freely to carry whither so ever they please the Ships and Goods taken
from their Enemies, without being obliged to pay any Duty to the Officers of
the Admiralty or any other Judges; nor shall such Prizes be arrested or seized,
when they come to and enter the Ports of either Party; nor shall the Searchers
or other Officers of those Places search the same or make examination
concerning the lawfulness of such Prizes, but they may hoist Sail at any time
and depart and carry their Prizes to the Places expressed in their Commissions,
which the Commanders of such Ships of War shall be obliged to show: On the
contrary no Shelter or Refuge shall be given in their Ports to such as shall
have made Prize of the Subjects, People or Property of either of the Parties;
but if such shall come in, being forced by Stress of Weather or the Danger of
the Sea, all proper means shall be vigorously used that they go out and retire
from thence as soon as possible.
If any Ship belonging to either of the Parties their People or
Subjects, shall, within the Coasts or Dominions of the other, stick upon the
Sands or be wrecked or suffer any other Damage, all friendly Assistance and
Relief shall be given to the Persons shipwrecked or such as shall be in danger
thereof; and Letters of safe Conduct shall likewise be given to them for their
free and quiet Passage from thence, and the return of every one to his own
Country.
In Case the Subjects and Inhabitants of either Party with their
shipping whether publick and of War or private and of Merchants, be forced,
through Stress of Weather, pursuit of Pirates or Enemies, or any other urgent
necessity for seeking of Shelter and Harbour, to retreat and enter into any of
the Rivers, Bays, Roads or Ports belonging to the other Party, they shall be
received and treated with all humanity and Kindness and enjoy all friendly
Protection & Help; and they shall be permitted to refresh and provide
themselves at reasonable Rates with victuals and all things needful for the
sustenance of their Persons or reparation of their Ships and conveniency of
their Voyage; and they shall no Ways be detained or hindered from returning out
of the said Ports or Roads but may remove and depart when and whether they
please without any let or hindrance.
For the better promoting of Commerce on both Sides, it is agreed
that if a War shall break out between the said two Nations, six Months after
the Proclamation of War shall be allowed to the Merchants in the Cities and
Towns, where they live, for selling and transporting their Goods and
Merchandizes; and if anything be taken from them, or any Injury be done them
within that Term by either Party or the People or Subjects of either, full
Satisfaction shall be made for the same.
No Subjects of the most Christian King shall apply for or take any
Commission or Letters of marque for arming any Ship or Ships to act as
Privateers against the said United States or any of them or against the
Subjects People or Inhabitants of the said United States or any of them or
against the Property of any of the Inhabitants of any of them from any Prince or
State with which the said United States shall be at War. Nor shall any Citizen
Subject or Inhabitant of the said United States or any of them apply for or
take any Commission or letters of marque for arming any Ship or Ships to act as
Privateers against the Subjects Of the most Christian King or any of them or
the Property of any of them from any Prince or State with which the said fling
shall be at War: And if any Person of either Nation shall take such Commissions
or Letters of Marque he shall be punished as a Pirate.
It shall not be lawful for any foreign Privateers, not belonging
to Subjects of the most Christian King nor Citizens of the said United States,
who have Commissions from any other Prince or State in enmity with either
Nation to fit their Ships in the Ports of either the one or the other of the
aforesaid Parties, to sell what they have taken or in any other manner
whatsoever to exchange their Ships, Merchandizes or any other lading; neither
shall they be allowed even to purchase victuals except such as shall be
necessary for their going to the next Port of that Prince or State from which
they have Commissions.
It shall be lawful for all and singular the Subjects of the most
Christian King and the Citizens People and Inhabitants of the said United
States to sail with their Ships with all manner of Liberty and Security; no
distinction being made, who are the Proprietors of the Merchandizes laden
thereon, from any Port to the places of those who now are or hereafter shall be
at Enmity with the most Christian King or the United States. It shall likewise
be Lawful for the Subjects and Inhabitants aforesaid to sail with the Ships and
Merchandizes aforementioned and to trade with the same Liberty and. security
from the Places, Ports and Havens of those who are Enemies of both or either
Party without any Opposition or disturbance whatsoever, not only directly from
the Places of the Enemy afore mentioned to neutral Places; but also from one
Place belonging to an Enemy to another place belonging to an Enemy, whether
they be under the Jurisdiction of the same Prince or under several; And it is
hereby stipulated that free Ships shall also give a freedom to Goods, and that everything
shall be deemed to be free and exempt, which shall be found on board the Ships
belonging to the Subjects of either of the Confederates, although the whole
lading or any Part thereof should appertain to the Enemies of either,
contraband Goods being always excepted. It is also agreed !' in like manner
that the same Liberty be extended to Persons, who are on board a free Ship,
with this Effect, that although they be Enemies to both or either Party, they
are not to be taken out of that free Ship, unless they are Soldiers and in
actual Service of the Enemies.
This Liberty of Navigation and Commerce shall extend to all kinds
of Merchandizes, excepting those only which are distinguished by the name of
contraband; And under this Name of Contraband or prohibited Goods shall be
comprehended, Arms, great Guns, Bombs with the fuses, and other things
belonging to them, Cannon Ball, Gun powder, Match, Pikes, Swords, Lances,
Spears, halberds, Mortars, Petards, Granades Salt Petre, Muskets, Musket Ball,
Bucklers, Helmets, breast Plates, Coats of Mail and the like kinds of Arms
proper for arming Soldiers, Musket rests, belts, Horses with their Furniture,
and all other Warlike Instruments whatever. These Merchandizes which follow
shall not be reckoned among Contraband or prohibited Goods, that is to say, all
sorts of Cloths, and all other Manufactures woven of any wool, Flax, Silk,
Cotton or any other Materials whatever; all kinds of wearing Apparel together
with the Species, whereof they are used to be made; gold & Silver as well
coined as uncoined, Tin, Iron, Latten, Copper, Brass Coals, as also Wheat and
Barley and any other kind of Corn and pulse; Tobacco and likewise all manner of
Spices; salted and smoked Flesh, salted Fish, Cheese and Butter, Beer, Oils,
Wines, Sugars and all sorts of Salts; & in general all Provisions, which
serve for the nourishment of Mankind and the sustenance of Life; Furthermore
all kinds of Cotton, hemp, Flax, Tar, Pitch, Ropes, Cables, Sails, Sail Cloths,
Anchors and any Parts of Anchors; also Ships Masts, Planks, Boards and Beams of
what Trees so ever; and all other Things proper either for building or
repairing Ships, and all d other Goods whatever, which have not been worked into
the form of any Instrument or thing prepared for War by Land or by Sea, shall
not be reputed Contraband, much less such as d have been already wrought and
made up for any other Use; all which shall be wholly reckoned among free Goods:
as likewise I all other Merchandizes and things, which are not comprehended and
particularly mentioned in the foregoing enumeration of contraband Goods: so
that they may be transported and carried in the freest manner by Subjects of
both Confederates even to Places belonging to an Enemy such Towns or Places
being only excepted as are at that time besieged, blocked up or invested.
To the End that all manner of Dissentions and Quarrels may be
avoided and prevented on one Side and the other, it is agreed, that in case
either of the Parties hereto should be engaged in War, the Ships and Vessels
belonging to the Subjects or People of the other Ally must be furnished with
Sea Letters or Passports expressing the name, Property and Bulk of the Ship as
also the name and Place of habitation of the Master or Commander of the said
Ship, that it may appear thereby, that the Ship really & truly belongs to
the Subjects of one of the Parties, which Passport shall be made out and
granted according to the Form annexed to this Treaty; they shall likewise be
recalled every Year, that is if the Ship happens to return home within the
Space of a Year. It is likewise agreed, that such Ships being laden are to be
provided not only with Passports as above mentioned, but also with Certificates
containing the several Particulars of the Cargo, the Place whence the Ship
sailed and whither she is bound, that so it may be known, whether any forbidden
or contraband Goods be on board the same: which Certificates shall be made out
by the Officers of the Place, whence the Ship set sail, in the accustomed Form.
And if any one shall think it fit or advisable to express in the said
Certificates the Person to whom the Goods on board belong, he may freely do so.
The Ships of the Subjects and Inhabitants of either of the
Parties, coming upon any Coasts belonging to either of the said, Allies, but
not willing to enter into Port, or being entered into Port and not willing to
unload their Cargoes or break Bulk, they shall be treated according to the
general Rules prescribed or to be prescribed relative to the Object in
Question.
If the Ships of the said Subjects, People or Inhabitants of either
of the Parties shall be met with either sailing along the Coasts or on the high
Seas by any Ship of War of the other or by any Privateers, the said Ships of
War or Privateers, for the avoiding of any Disorder shall remain out of Cannon
Shot, and may send their Boats aboard the Merchant Ship, which they shall so
meet with, and may enter her to number of two or three Men only to whom the
Master or Commander of such Ship or Vessel hall exhibit his passport concerning
the Property of the Ship made out according to the Form inserted in this
present Treaty, and the Ship, when she shall have shewed such Passport shall be
free and st Libert, to pursue her Voyage, so as it shall not be lawful to
molest or search her in any manner or to give her chase, or force her to quit
her intended
It is also agreed that all Goods, when once put on board the Ships
or Vessels of either of the two contracting Parties shall be subject to no
farther Visitation; but all Visitation or Search shall be made before hand, and
all prohibited Goods shall be stopped on the Spot, before the same be put on
board, unless there are manifest Tokens or Proofs of fraudulent Practice; nor
shall either the Persons or goods of the Subjects of his most Christian Majesty
or the United States be put under any arrest or molested by any other kind of
Embargo for that Cause; and only the Subject of that State, to whom the said;
Goods have been or shall be prohibited and who shall presume to sell or
alienate such sort of Goods shall be duly punished for the Offense
The two contracting Parties grant mutually the Liberty of having
each in the Ports of the other, Consuls, Vice Consuls, Agents and Commissaries,
whose; Functions shall be regulated by a particular Agreement.
And the more to favor and facilitate the Commerce which the
Subjects of the United States may have with France, the most Christian King
will grant them in Europe one or more free Ports, where they may bring and
dispose of all the Produce and Merchandize of the thirteen United States; and
his Majesty will also continue to the Subjects of the said States, the free
Ports which have been and are open in the French Islands of America. Of all
which free Ports, the said Subjects of the United States shall enjoy the Use,
agreeable to the Regulations which relate to them.
ARTICLE 33rd
The present Treaty shall be ratified on both Sides and the
Ratifications shall be exchanged in the Space of Six Months, or sooner if
possible.
In Faith whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the
above Articles, both in the French and English Languages, declaring
nevertheless that the present Treaty was originally composed and concluded in
the French Language, and they have thereto affixed their Seals.
Done at Paris, this Sixth Day of February, one thousand seven
hundred & seventy eight
C. A. Gerard BenjaminFranklin Silas Deane Arthur Lee
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| Franco American Treaty of Amity and Commerce dual language manuscript signatures -- signed February 6, 1778 - from the General Records of the United States Government National Archives |
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
202-239-1774 | Office
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Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
September 5, 1774
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George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783
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March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
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(1801-1809)
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(1953-1961)
| |
(1877-1881)
| ||
(1809-1817)
|
(1961-1963)
| |
(1881 - 1881)
| ||
(1817-1825)
|
(1963-1969)
| |
(1881-1885)
| ||
(1825-1829)
|
(1969-1974)
| |
(1885-1889)
| ||
(1829-1837)
|
(1973-1974)
| |
(1889-1893)
| ||
(1837-1841)
|
(1977-1981)
| |
(1893-1897)
| ||
(1841-1841)
|
(1981-1989)
| |
(1897-1901)
| ||
(1841-1845)
|
(1989-1993)
| |
(1901-1909)
| ||
(1845-1849)
|
(1993-2001)
| |
(1909-1913)
| ||
(1849-1850)
|
(2001-2009)
| |
(1913-1921)
| ||
(1850-1853)
|
(2009-2017)
| |
(1921-1923)
| ||
(1853-1857)
|
(20017-Present)
| |
(1923-1929)
|
*Confederate States of America
| |
(1857-1861)
| ||
(1929-1933)
| ||
(1861-1865)
|
United Colonies Continental Congress
|
President
|
18th Century Term
|
Age
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745-1783)
|
09/05/74 – 10/22/74
|
29
| |
Mary Williams Middleton (1741- 1761) Deceased
|
Henry Middleton
|
10/22–26/74
|
n/a
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745–1783)
|
05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
|
30
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
05/25/75 – 07/01/76
|
28
| |
United States Continental Congress
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
07/02/76 – 10/29/77
|
29
| |
Eleanor Ball Laurens (1731- 1770) Deceased
|
Henry Laurens
|
11/01/77 – 12/09/78
|
n/a
|
Sarah Livingston Jay (1756-1802)
|
12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
|
21
| |
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
09/29/79 – 02/28/81
|
41
| |
United States in Congress Assembled
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
03/01/81 – 07/06/81
|
42
| |
Sarah Armitage McKean (1756-1820)
|
07/10/81 – 11/04/81
|
25
| |
Jane Contee Hanson (1726-1812)
|
11/05/81 - 11/03/82
|
55
| |
Hannah Stockton Boudinot (1736-1808)
|
11/03/82 - 11/02/83
|
46
| |
Sarah Morris Mifflin (1747-1790)
|
11/03/83 - 11/02/84
|
36
| |
Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee (1738-1796)
|
11/20/84 - 11/19/85
|
46
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
11/23/85 – 06/06/86
|
38
| |
Rebecca Call Gorham (1744-1812)
|
06/06/86 - 02/01/87
|
42
| |
Phoebe Bayard St. Clair (1743-1818)
|
02/02/87 - 01/21/88
|
43
| |
Christina Stuart Griffin (1751-1807)
|
01/22/88 - 01/29/89
|
36
|
Constitution of 1787
First Ladies |
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
|
57
| ||
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
|
52
| ||
Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
|
September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)
|
n/a
| |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
|
48
| ||
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
|
50
| ||
December 22, 1828 (aged 61)
|
n/a
| ||
February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
|
65
| ||
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
|
50
| ||
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
|
23
| ||
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
|
41
| ||
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
|
60
| ||
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
|
52
| ||
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
|
46
| ||
n/a
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
|
42
| ||
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
| |||
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
|
45
| ||
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
|
48
| ||
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
|
n/a
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
21
| ||
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
|
56
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
28
| ||
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
|
49
| ||
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
|
47
| ||
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
|
52
| ||
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
|
60
| ||
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
|
44
| ||
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
|
48
| ||
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
|
60
| ||
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
|
31
| ||
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
|
50
| ||
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
|
56
| ||
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
|
49
| ||
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
|
59
| ||
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
|
63
| ||
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
|
45
| ||
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
|
54
| ||
January 20, 2009 to date
|
45
|
Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
|
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
| |
Philadelphia
|
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
| |
Baltimore
|
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
| |
Philadelphia
|
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
| |
Lancaster
|
September 27, 1777
| |
York
|
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
| |
Philadelphia
|
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
| |
Princeton
|
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
| |
Annapolis
|
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
| |
Trenton
|
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
| |
New York City
|
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
| |
New York City
|
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
| |
New York City
|
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
| |
Philadelphia
|
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800
| |
Washington DC
|
November 17,1800 to Present
|
Book a primary source exhibit and a professional speaker for your next event by contacting Historic.us today. Our Clients include many Fortune 500 companies, associations, non-profits, colleges, universities, national conventions, PR and advertising agencies. As a leading national exhibitor of primary sources, many of our clients have benefited from our historic displays that are designed to entertain and educate your target audience. Contact us to learn how you can join our "roster" of satisfied clientele today!
Hosted by The New Orleans Jazz Museum and The Louisiana Historical Center
Hosted by The New Orleans Jazz Museum and The Louisiana Historical Center
Historic.us
A Non-profit Corporation
A Non-profit Corporation
Primary Source Exhibits
727-771-1776 | Exhibit Inquiries
202-239-1774 | Office
202-239-0037 | FAX
Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
Naomi@Historic.us
Stan@Historic.us
Primary Source exhibits are available for display in your community. The costs range from $1,000 to $35,000 depending on length of time on loan and the rarity of artifacts chosen.
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| U.S. Dollar Presidential Coin Mr. Klos vs Secretary Paulson - Click Here |
The United Colonies of North America Continental Congress Presidents (1774-1776)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
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